Delta-8 desaturase and its use in making polyunsaturated fatty acids

ABSTRACT

Isolated nucleic acid fragments and recombinant constructs comprising such fragments encoding a delta-8 desaturase along with a method of making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) using this delta-8 desaturase in plants and oleaginous yeast are disclosed.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/795,810, filed Apr. 28, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/837,789, filed Aug. 15, 2006, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to a polynucleotide sequence encoding a delta-8 desaturase and the use of this desaturase in making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fatty acids (lipids) are water-insoluble organic biomolecules that can be extracted from cells and tissues by nonpolar solvents such as chloroform, ether or benzene. Lipids have several important biological functions, serving as (1) structural components of membranes; (2) storage and transport forms of metabolic fuels; (3) a protective coating on the surface of many organisms; and, (4) cell-surface components concerned in cell recognition, species specificity and tissue immunity. More specifically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important components of the plasma membrane of the cell, where they may be found in such forms as phospholipids and also can be found in triglycerides. PUFAs also serve as precursors to other molecules of importance in human beings and animals, including the prostacyclins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. There are two main families of PUFAs (i.e., the omega-3 fatty acids and the omega-6 fatty acids).

The human body is capable of producing most of the PUFAs which it requires to function. However, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5, delta-5,8,11,14,17) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6, delta-4,7,10,13,16,19) cannot be synthesized efficiently by the human body and thus must be supplied through the diet. Since the human body cannot produce adequate quantities of these PUFAs, they are called essential fatty acids. Because of their important roles in human health and nutrition, EPA and DHA are the subject of much interest as discussed herein.

DHA is a fatty acid of the omega-3 series according to the location of the last double bond in the methyl end. It is synthesized via alternating steps of desaturation and elongation (see FIG. 12). Production of DHA is important because of its beneficial effect on human health. For example, increased intake of DHA has been shown to be beneficial or have a positive effect in inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), Type II diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, depression, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, some cancers and for prevention of the onset of degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Currently the major sources of DHA are oils from fish and algae.

EPA and arachidonic acid (AA or ARA; 20:4, delta-5,8,11,14) are both delta-5 essential fatty acids. EPA belongs to the omega-3 series with five double bonds in the acyl chain, is found in marine food, and is abundant in oily fish from the North Atlantic. Beneficial or positive effects of increased intake of EPA have been shown in patients with coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, inflammatory disorders, lung and kidney diseases, Type II diabetes, obesity, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, anorexia nervosa, burns, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early stages of colorectal cancer (see, for example, the review of McColl, J., NutraCos. 2(4):35-40 (2003)).

AA belongs to the omega-6 series with four double bonds. The lack of a double bond in the omega-3 position confers on AA different properties than those found in EPA. The eicosanoids produced from AA have strong inflammatory and platelet aggregating properties, whereas those derived from EPA have anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregating properties. AA is recognized as the principal omega-6 fatty acid found in the human brain and an important component of breast milk and many infant formulas, based on its role in early neurological and visual development. AA can be obtained from some foods (such as meat, fish, and eggs), but the concentration is low.

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3, delta-6,9,12) is another essential fatty acid found in mammals. GLA is the metabolic intermediate for very long-chain omega-6 fatty acids and for various active molecules. In mammals, formation of long-chain PUFAs is rate-limited by delta-6 desaturation. Many physiological and pathological conditions such as aging, stress, diabetes, eczema, and some infections have been shown to depress the delta-6 desaturation step. In addition, GLA is readily catabolized from the oxidation and rapid cell division associated with certain disorders (e.g., cancer or inflammation).

As described above, research has shown that various omega fatty acids reduce the risk of heart disease, have a positive effect on children's development and on certain mental illnesses, autoimmune diseases and joint complaints. However, although there are many health benefits associated with a diet supplemented with these fatty acids, it is recognized that different PUFAs exert different physiological effects in the body (e.g., most notably, the opposing physiological effects of GLA and AA). Thus, production of oils using recombinant means is expected to have several advantages over production from natural sources. For example, recombinant organisms having preferred characteristics for oil production can be used, since the naturally occurring fatty acid profile of the host can be altered by the introduction of new biosynthetic pathways in the host and/or by the suppression of undesired pathways, thereby resulting in increased levels of production of desired PUFAs (or conjugated forms thereof) and decreased production of undesired PUFAs. Optionally, recombinant organisms can provide PUFAs in particular forms which may have specific uses; or, oil production can be manipulated such that the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids so produced is modified and/or a specific PUFA is produced without significant accumulation of other PUFA downstream or upstream products (e.g., production of oils comprising AA and lacking GLA).

The mechanism of PUFA synthesis frequently occurs via the delta-6 desaturation pathway. For example, long-chain PUFA synthesis in mammals proceeds predominantly by a delta-6 desaturation pathway, in which the first step is the delta-6 desaturation of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2, delta-9,12) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3, delta-9,12,15) to yield gamma-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3, delta-6,9,12)) and stearidonic acid (STA; 18:4, delta-6,9,12,15), respectively. Further fatty acid elongation and desaturation steps give rise to arachidonic acid (AA or ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Accordingly, genes encoding delta-6 desaturases, delta-6 elongase components (also identified as C_(18/20) elongases) and delta-5 desaturases have been cloned from a variety of organisms including higher plants, algae, mosses, fungi, nematodes and humans. Humans can synthesize long-chain PUFAs from the essential fatty acids, LA and ALA; however biosynthesis of long-chain PUFAs is somewhat limited (they are regulated by dietary and hormonal changes), and LA and ALA must be obtained from the diet.

PCT Publication No. WO 02/26946 (published Apr. 4, 2002) describes isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding FAD4, FAD5, FAD5-2 and FAD6 fatty acid desaturase family members which are expressed in long-chain PUFA-producing organisms, e.g., Thraustochytrium, Pythium irregulare, Schizichytrium and Crypthecodinium. It is indicated that constructs containing the desaturase genes can be used in any expression system including plants, animals, and microorganisms for the production of cells capable of producing long-chain PUFAs.

PCT Publication No. WO 98/55625 (published Dec. 19, 1998) describes the production of PUFAs by expression of polyketide-like synthesis genes in plants.

PCT Publication No. WO 98/46764 (published Oct. 22, 1998) describes compositions and methods for preparing long-chain fatty acids in plants, plant parts and plant cells which utilize nucleic acid sequences and constructs encoding fatty acid desaturases, including delta-5 desaturases, delta-6 desaturases and delta-12 desaturases.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183 (issued to Knutzon et al. on Jun. 13, 2000) describes methods and compositions for synthesis of long-chain PUFAs in plants.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,018 (issued to Knutzon et al. on Oct. 1, 2002) describes a method for producing STA in plant seed utilizing a construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a delta-6 desaturase.

Spychalla et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94:1142-1147 (1997)) describes the isolation and characterization of a cDNA from Caenorhabditis elegans that, when expressed in Arabidopsis, encodes a fatty acid desaturase which can catalyze the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into a range of 18- and 20-carbon fatty acids.

An alternate pathway for the biosynthesis of AA and EPA operates in some organisms (i.e., the delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway). Here LA and ALA are first elongated to eicosadienoic acid (EDA; 20:2, delta-11,14) and eicosatrienoic acid (EtrA; 20:3, delta-11,14,17), respectively, by a delta-9 elongase. Subsequent delta-8 and delta-5 desaturation of these products yields AA and EPA. The delta-8 pathway is present inter alia, in euglenoid species where it is the dominant pathway for formation of 20-carbon PUFAs.

PCT Publication No. WO 2000/34439 (published Jun. 15, 2000) discloses amino acid and nucleic acid sequences for delta-5 and delta-8 desaturase enzymes. Based on the information presented in Applicants' Assignee's co-pending application having Provisional Application No. 60/583,041 filed Jun. 25, 2004 (U.S. application Ser. No. 11/166,003 filed Jun. 24, 2005 (PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325 and WO 2006/012326; published Feb. 2, 2006)), it is apparent that the delta-8 desaturase nucleotide and amino acid sequences of PCT Publication No. WO 2000/34439 are not correct. However, the correct sequence is set forth in corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,017 (issued to Browse et al. on Nov. 30, 2004) that describes desaturases, in particular, delta-5 and delta-8 desaturases and their use in synthesizing PUFAs. Browse discloses the same delta-8 desaturase in U.S. Publication No. 2006090221 (published on Apr. 27, 2006).

Applicants' Assignee's co-pending application having U.S. application Ser. No. 11/166,003 filed Jun. 24, 2005 (PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325 and WO 2006/012326; published Feb. 2, 2006) concerns a Eulgena gracilis delta-8 desaturase.

Wallis et al. (Arch. Biochem. and Biophys. 365(2):307-316 (May 1999)) describes the cloning of a gene that appears to encode a delta-8 desaturase in Euglena gracilis. This sequence appears to be the same sequence disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2000/34439.

Qi et al. (Nat. Biotech. 22(6):739-45 (2004)) describes the production of long-chain PUFAs using, among other things, a delta-8 desaturase from Euglena gracilis; however, the complete sequence of the delta-8 desaturase is not provided.

PCT Publication No. WO 2004/057001 (published Jul. 8, 2004) discloses amino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8 desaturase enzyme from Euglena gracilis.

PCT Publication No. WO 2005/103253 (published Apr. 22, 2005) discloses amino acid and nucleic acid sequences for a delta-8 desaturase enzyme from Pavlova salina (see also U.S. Publication No. 2005/0273885).

Sayanova et al. (FEBS Lett. 580:1946-1952 (2006)) describes the isolation of and characterization of a cDNA from the free living soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii that, when expressed in Arabidopsis, encodes a C₂₀ delta-8 desaturase.

An expansive study of PUFAs from natural sources and from chemical synthesis are not sufficient for commercial needs. Therefore, it is of interest to find alternative means to allow production of commercial quantities of PUFAs. Biotechnology offers an attractive route for producing long-chain PUFAs in a safe, cost efficient manner in microorganisms and plants.

With respect to microorganisms, many algae, bacteria, molds and yeast can synthesize oils in the ordinary course of cellular metabolism. Thus, oil production involves cultivating the microorganism in a suitable culture medium to allow for oil synthesis, followed by separation of the microorganism from the fermentation medium and treatment for recovery of the intracellular oil. Attempts have been made to optimize production of fatty acids by fermentive means involving varying such parameters as microorganisms used, media and conditions that permit oil production. However, these efforts have proved largely unsuccessful in improving yield of oil or the ability to control the characteristics of the oil composition produced. One class of microorganisms that has not been previously examined as a production platform for PUFAs (prior to work by the Applicants' Assignee), however, are the oleaginous yeasts. These organisms can accumulate oil up to 80% of their dry cell weight. The technology for growing oleaginous yeast with high oil content is well developed (for example, see EP 0 005 277 B1; Ratledge, C., Prog. Ind. Microbiol. 16:119-206 (1982)), and may offer a cost advantage compared to commercial micro-algae fermentation for production of omega-3 or omega-6 PUFAs. Whole yeast cells may also represent a convenient way of encapsulating omega-3 or omega-6 PUFA-enriched oils for use in functional foods and animal feed supplements.

Applicants' Assignee's co-pending application having U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/739,989 filed Nov. 23, 2005, discloses a delta-9 elongase from Eulgena gracilis.

WO 02/077213 (published Oct. 3, 2002) describes isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid elongase with specificity for linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid from Isochrysis galbana (i.e., delta-9 elongase).

U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,349 (issued Jun. 11, 2002) concerns the identification of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of an elongase gene derived from Mortierella alpina.

PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757 and PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101753 (published Nov. 25, 2004) concern the production of PUFAs in oleaginous yeasts and are Applicants' Assignee's copending applications.

PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467 (published Aug. 26, 2004) concerns the production of PUFAs in plants, while PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071178 (published Aug. 26, 2004) concerns annexin promoters and their use in expression of transgenes in plants; both are Applicants' Assignee's copending applications.

Applicants' Assignee's copending applications having U.S. application Ser. No. 10/985,109 and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/985,254 filed Nov. 10, 2004 (PCT Publication No. 2005/047479 and PCT Publication No. 2005/047480; published May 26, 2005) concerns delta-15 desaturase genes suitable for increasing levels of omega-3 fatty acids.

Applicants' Assignee's copending applications also include U.S. application Ser. No. 11/265,761 filed Nov. 2, 2005, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/264,784 filed Nov. 1, 2005, and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/264,737 filed Nov. 1, 2005 (methods of making EPA, ARA and DHA, respectively, in Yarrowia lipolytica), each claiming benefit of an earlier provisional filing date of Nov. 4, 2004.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising:

-   -   (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8         desaturase activity, wherein the polypeptide has at least 80%         amino acid identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment,         when compared to an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID         NO:16;     -   (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8         desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at         least 80% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of         alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth         in SEQ ID NO:15; or     -   (c) a complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a) or (b),         wherein the complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of         the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary.

In a second embodiment, the invention concerns codon optimization, specifically, an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes a delta-8 desaturase enzyme as set forth in SEQ ID NO:57 wherein at least 162 codons are codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia sp.

In a third embodiment, the invention concerns a recombinant DNA construct comprising any of the polynucleotides of the invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

In a fourth embodiment, the invention concerns a cell comprising the recombinant DNA construct of the invention. Of interest are cells selected from the group consisting of plants and yeast.

In a fifth embodiment, the invention concerns a transformed Yarrowia sp. comprising the recombinant construct of the invention.

In a sixth embodiment, the invention concerns a method for transforming a cell, comprising transforming a cell with the recombinant construct of the invention and selecting those cells transformed with the recombinant construct of the invention.

In a seventh embodiment, the invention concerns a method for producing a transformed plant comprising transforming a plant cell with a polynucleotide of the invention and regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell. A preferred plant is soybean.

In an eighth embodiment, the invention concerns a method for producing yeast comprising transforming a yeast cell with a polynucleotide of the invention and growing yeast from the transformed yeast cell and, in particular, oleaginous yeast.

In a ninth embodiment, the invention concerns a seed comprising the recombinant construct of the invention.

In a tenth embodiment, the invention concerns method for making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a cell with the recombinant construct of the         invention;     -   (b) selecting those transformed cells that make long-chain         polyunsaturated fatty acids.

In an eleventh embodiment, the invention concerns oil obtained from seed comprising the recombinant construct of the invention or yeast comprising the recombinant construct of the invention.

In a twelfth embodiment, the invention concerns a method for making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a plant cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a cell with the recombinant construct of the         invention; and     -   (b) selecting those transformed cells that make long-chain         polyunsaturated fatty acids.

In a thirteenth embodiment, the invention concerns a method for producing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid in a soybean cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a soybean cell with a first recombinant DNA         construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding at         least one delta-8 desaturase polypeptide, operably linked to at         least one regulatory sequence and at least one additional         recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide,         operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, encoding a         polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a delta-4         desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a         delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17         desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a         C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase         and a C_(20/22) elongase;     -   (b) regenerating a soybean plant from the transformed cell of         step (a); and     -   (c) selecting those seeds obtained from the plants of step (b)         having an altered level of polyunsaturated fatty acids when         compared to the level in seeds obtained from a nontransformed         soybean plant.

In a fourteenth embodiment, the invention concerns an oilseed plant comprising:

-   -   (a) a first recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated         polynucleotide encoding at least one delta-8 desaturase         polypeptide, operably linked to at least one regulatory         sequence; and     -   (b) at least one additional recombinant DNA construct comprising         an isolated polynucleotide, operably linked to at least one         regulatory sequence, encoding a polypeptide selected from the         group consisting of a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase,         a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15         desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a         delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a         C_(18/20) elongase and a C_(20/22) elongase.

Also of interest are seeds obtained from such oilseed plants and oil obtained from these seeds.

In a fifteenth embodiment, the invention concerns food or feed which incorporates oil of the invention.

In a sixteenth embodiment, the invention concerns food or feed comprising an ingredient derived from the processing of the seeds of the invention.

In an seventeenth embodiment, the invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8 desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at least 90% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15.

In an eighteenth embodiment, the invention concerns method for making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a cell having a reduced level of by-product fatty acids, said method comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a host cell with at least one recombinant DNA         construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding at         least two delta-8 desaturases operably linked to at least one         regulatory sequence; and     -   (b) selecting those transformed host cells obtained having a         reduced level of by-product fatty acids, when compared to the         level of such by-product fatty acids in a transformed host cell         having at least one recombinant DNA construct comprising an         isolated polynucleotide encoding one delta-8 desaturase operably         linked to a regulatory sequence.

BIOLOGICAL DEPOSITS

The following plasmids have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and bear the following designations, Accession Numbers and dates of deposit (Table 1).

TABLE 1 ATCC Deposits Plasmid Accession Number Date of Deposit pKR72 PTA-6019 May 28, 2004 pKR578 PTA-6280 Nov. 4, 2004 pKR903 PTA-7494 Apr. 12, 2006

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SEQUENCE LISTINGS

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings and Sequence Listing, which form a part of this application.

The sequence descriptions summarize the Sequences Listing attached hereto. The Sequence Listing contains one letter codes for nucleotide sequence characters and the single and three letter codes for amino acids as defined in the IUPAC-IUB standards described in Nucleic Acids Research 13:3021-3030 (1985) and in the Biochemical Journal 219(2):345-373 (1984).

FIG. 1 is a map of plasmid pYl21 (yeast expression vector).

FIG. 2 is a map of plasmid pKR902 (soybean expression vector).

FIG. 3 is a map of plasmid pKR903 (soybean expression vector).

FIG. 4 is a map of plasmid pYl 18 (Yarrowia expression vector)

FIG. 5 is a map of plasmid pKR973 (soybean expression vector).

FIG. 6 is a map of plasmid pKR912 (soybean expression vector).

FIG. 7 is a map of plasmid pKR983 (soybean expression vector).

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a table of the fatty acid profiles from somatic soybean embryos expressing the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase and Isochrysis galbana delta-9 elongase (see Example 12).

FIGS. 9-A, 9-B, 9-C and 9-D are maps of plasmids pEgD9ES, pDMW263, pZUF17 and pZUFmEgD9ES.

FIG. 10 shows a chromatogram of the lipid profile of an Euglena gracilis cell extract as described in the Examples.

FIGS. 11-A, 11-B, 11-C and 11-D is a map of plasmids pPiD8S, pEXPGUS1-C and pZGD5T-CP and pZUFmE9SP8S.

FIG. 12 is a representative omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid pathway providing for the conversion of myristic acid through various intermediates to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

FIGS. 13A and 13B show a Clustal V alignment (with default parameters) of SEQ ID NO:16 (the amino acid sequence of the delta-8 desaturase of the instant invention), SEQ ID NO:76 (the amino acid sequence of Pavlova salina delta-8 desaturase sequence disclosed as SEQ ID NO:1 in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/103253; published Apr. 22, 2005), SEQ ID NO:77 (the amino acid sequence of Euglena gracilis delta-8 desaturase sequence disclosed as SEQ ID NO:2 in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325; published Feb. 2, 2006), SEQ ID NO:17 (the amino acid sequence for the Rhizopus stolonifer delta-6 fatty acid desaturase (NCBI Accession No. ABB96724 (GI 83027409), locus ABB96724, CDS DQ291156; Zhang et al., unpublished)) and SEQ ID NO:2 (the amino acid sequence for the Rhizopus stolonifer delta-6 fatty acid desaturase (NCBI Accession No. AAX22052 (GI 60499699), locus AAX22052, CDS AY795076; Lu et al., unpublished)).

FIG. 14 shows the average fatty acid profile for the ten best EPA events of soybean embryogenic suspension culture (cv. Jack) transformed with the Ascl fragments of pKR973 (SEQ ID NO:45, FIG. 5) and pKR983 (SEQ ID NO:56; FIG. 7) (see Example 22).

SEQ ID NO:1 is the sequence of the T7 primer.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence for the Rhizopus stolonifer delta-6 fatty acid desaturase (NCBI Accession No. AAX22052 (GI 60499699), locus AAX22052, CDS AY795076; Lu et al., unpublished).

SEQ ID NO:3 is the sequence of a portion of the cDNA insert from clone eps1c.pk002.f22 (5′ end of cDNA insert).

SEQ ID NO:4 is nucleotide sequence of the fully sequenced EST eps1c.pk002.f22:fis (full insert sequence—FIS).

SEQ ID NO:5 is the deduced amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 (clone eps1c.pk002.f22:fis).

SEQ ID NO:6 is the sequence of the SeqE primer.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the sequence of the SeqW primer.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the amino acid sequence of the Mortierella alpina delta-6 desaturase (NCBI Accession No. BAC82361 (GI 34221934), locus BAC82361, CDS AB070557; Sakuradani and Shimizu, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67:704-711 (2003)).

SEQ ID NO:9 is the sequence of the AP1 universal primer.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the sequence of the GSP PvDES primer.

SEQ ID NO:11 is the sequence of the M13-28Rev primer.

SEQ ID NO:12 is the sequence of the PvDES seq primer.

SEQ ID NO:13 is the full 5′ end sequence from genome walk of Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase.

SEQ ID NO:14 is the nucleotide sequence of the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase of the instant invention.

SEQ ID NO:15 is the nucleotide sequence of the CDS of SEQ ID NO:14 (Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase of the instant invention).

SEQ ID NO:16 is the deduced amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 (delta-8 desaturase of the instant invention).

SEQ ID NO:17 is the amino acid sequence for the Rhizopus stolonifer delta-6 fatty acid desaturase (NCBI Accession No. ABB96724 (GI 83027409), locus ABB96724, CDS DQ291156; Zhang et al., unpublished).

SEQ ID NO:18 is the sequence of the PvDES5′Not-1 primer.

SEQ ID NO:19 is the sequence of the PvDES3′Not-1 primer.

SEQ ID NO:20 is the sequence of the GSP PvDES-2 primer.

SEQ ID NO:21 is the sequence of pY121.

SEQ ID NO:22 is the sequence of pKR123r.

SEQ ID NO:23 is the sequence of pKR900.

SEQ ID NO:24 is the sequence of pKR925.

SEQ ID NO:25 is the sequence of pKR902.

SEQ ID NO:26 is the sequence of pKR607.

SEQ ID NO:27 is the sequence of pKR903.

SEQ ID NO:28 is the sequence of the GPDsense primer.

SEQ ID NO:29 is the sequence of the GPDantisense primer.

SEQ ID NO:30 is the sequence of pY5-22GPD.

SEQ ID NO:31 is the sequence of pY118.

SEQ ID NO:32 is the nucleotide sequence of the CDS of Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase.

SEQ ID NO:33 is the sequence of oEugEL-1 primer.

SEQ ID NO:34 is the sequence of oEugEL-2 primer.

SEQ ID NO:35 is the sequence of pKR906.

SEQ ID NO:36 is the sequence of pKR132.

SEQ ID NO:37 is the sequence of pKR953.

SEQ ID NO:38 is the sequence of pKR287.

SEQ ID NO:39 is the nucleotide sequence of the CDS of Mortierella alpina delta-5 desaturase, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467 and WO 2005/0479479.

SEQ ID NO:40 is the sequence of pKR277.

SEQ ID NO:41 is the sequence of pKR952.

SEQ ID NO:42 is the sequence of pKR457.

SEQ ID NO:43 is the sequence of the modified Kti/Notl/Kti3′Salb3′ cassette.

SEQ ID NO:44 is the sequence of pKR970.

SEQ ID NO:45 is the sequence of pKR973.

SEQ ID NO:46 is the sequence of pKR72.

SEQ ID NO:47 is the sequence of pKR912.

SEQ ID NO:48 is the sequence of pKR886r.

SEQ ID NO:49 is the sequence of pKR271.

SEQ ID NO:50 is the sequence of pKR226.

SEQ ID NO:51 is the sequence of the oCon-1 primer.

SEQ ID NO:52 is the sequence of the oCon-2 primer.

SEQ ID NO:53 is the sequence of pKR179.

SEQ ID NO:54 is the sequence of pKR226.

SEQ ID NO:55 is the sequence of pKR582.

SEQ ID NO:56 is the sequence of pKR983.

SEQ ID NO:57 is the nucleotide sequence for the synthetic (codon-optimized) delta-8 desaturase derived from Pavlova lutheri codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica.

SEQ ID NO:58 is the sequence of pPiD8S.

SEQ ID NO:59 is the nucleotide sequence of the long-chain PUFA elongation enzyme from Isochrysis galbana (NCBI Accession No. AAL37626 (GI 17226123), locus AAL37626, CDS AF390174).

SEQ ID NO:60 is the 5′ sequence of the cDNA insert from clone eeg1c.pk001.n5.f, while SEQ ID NO:61 is the 3′ sequence of the cDNA insert from clone eeg1c.pk001.n5.f.

SEQ ID NO:61 is the 3′ sequence of the cDNA insert from clone eeg1c.pk001.n5.f.

SEQ ID NO:62 is the sequence aligned from SEQ ID NO:60 and SEQ ID NO:61 (full cDNA sequence excluding polyA tail).

SEQ ID NO:63 is nucleotide sequence of the M13F universal primer.

SEQ ID NO:64 is the deduced amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63 (delta-9 elongase—clone eeg1c.pk001.n5.f).

SEQ ID NO:65 amino acid sequence of the long-chain PUFA elongation enzyme from Isochrysis galbana (NCBI Accession No. AAL37626 (GI 17226123), locus AAL37626, CDS AF390174).

SEQ ID NO:66 is the nucleotide sequence of the synthetic (codon-optimized) delta-9 elongase derived from Isochrysis galbana codon-optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica.

SEQ ID NO:67 is the sequence of pEgD9ES.

SEQ ID NO:68 is the sequence of pDMW263.

SEQ ID NO:69 is the sequence of pZUF17.

SEQ ID NO:70 is the sequence of pZUFmEgD9ES.

SEQ ID NO:71 is the sequence of pZUFmE9SP8S.

SEQ ID NO:72 is the sequence of pEXPGUS1-C.

SEQ ID NO:73 is the sequence of pZGD5T-CP.

SEQ ID NO:74 is the sequence of pYZDE2-S.

SEQ ID NO:75 is the sequence of pY5-22.

SEQ ID NO:76 is the amino acid sequence of Pavlova salina delta-8 desaturase sequence disclosed as SEQ ID NO:1 in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/103253 (published Apr. 22, 2005).

SEQ ID NO:77 is the amino acid sequence of Eulgena gracilis delta-8 desaturase sequence disclosed as SEQ ID NO:2 in Applicants' Assignee's co-pending application having application Ser. No. 11/166,003 filed Jun. 24, 2005 (PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325; published Feb. 2, 2006).

SEQ ID NO:78 is the sequence of pY5-30.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In the context of this disclosure, a number of terms shall be utilized.

The term “fatty acids” refers to long-chain aliphatic acids (alkanoic acids) of varying chain lengths, from about C₁₂ to C₂₂ (although both longer and shorter chain-length acids are known). The predominant chain lengths are between C₁₆ and C₂₂. Additional details concerning the differentiation between “saturated fatty acids” versus “unsaturated fatty acids”, “monounsaturated fatty acids” versus “polyunsaturated fatty acids” (or “PUFAs”), and “omega-6 fatty acids” (ω-6 or ω-6) versus “omega-3 fatty acids” (ω-3 or ω-3) are provided in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757.

Fatty acids are described herein by a simple notation system of “X:Y”, wherein the number before the colon indicates the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid and the number after the colon is the number of double bonds that are present. The number following the fatty acid designation indicates the position of the double bond from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid with the “c” affix for the cis-configuration of the double bond (e.g., palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1, 9c), petroselinic acid (18:1, 6c), LA (18:2, 9c, 12c), GLA (18:3, 6c,9c, 12c) and ALA (18:3, 9c, 12c, 15c)). Unless otherwise specified 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 refer to oleic, LA and linolenic fatty acids. If not specifically written as otherwise, double bonds are assumed to be of the cis configuration. For instance, the double bonds in 18:2 (9,12) would be assumed to be in the cis configuration.

A representative pathway is illustrated in FIG. 12, providing for the conversion of myristic acid through various intermediates to DHA, which demonstrates how both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids may be produced from a common source.

The term “intermediate fatty acid” refers to any fatty acid produced in a fatty acid metabolic pathway that can be further converted to an intended product fatty acid in this pathway by the action of other metabolic pathway enzymes. For instance, when EPA is produced using the delta-9 elongase metabolic pathway (delta-15 desaturase, delta-9 elongase, delta-8 desaturase, delta-5 desaturase and delta-17 desaturase), EDA, ERA, DGLA, ETA and ARA can be produced and are considered “intermediate fatty acids” since these fatty acids can be further converted to EPA via action of other metabolic pathway enzymes.

The term “by-product fatty acid” refers to any fatty acid produced in a fatty acid metabolic pathway that is not the intended fatty acid product of the pathway nor an “intermediate fatty acid” of the pathway. For instance, when EPA is produced using the delta-9 elongase metabolic pathway (delta-15 desaturase, delta-9 elongase, delta-8 desaturase, delta-5 desaturase and delta-17 desaturase), sciadonic acid (SCI) and juniperonic acid (JUP) also can be produced by the action of a delta-5 desaturase on either EDA or ERA, respectively. They are considered to be “by-product fatty acids” since neither can be further converted to EPA by the action of other metabolic pathway enzymes.

A metabolic pathway, in a biochemical sense, can be regarded as a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes, to achieve either the formation of a metabolic product to be used or stored by the cell, or the initiation of another metabolic pathway (then called a flux generating step). Many of these pathways are elaborate, and involve a step by step modification of the initial substance to shape it into a product having the exact chemical structure desired.

Nomenclature used to describe PUFAs in the present disclosure is shown below in Table 2. In the column titled “Shorthand Notation”, the omega-reference system is used to indicate the number of carbons, the number of double bonds and the position of the double bond closest to the omega carbon, counting from the omega carbon (which is numbered 1 for this purpose). The remainder of the Table summarizes the common names of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, the abbreviations that will be used throughout the remainder of the specification, and each compounds' chemical name.

TABLE 2 Nomenclature of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Common Shorthand Name Abbreviation Chemical Name Notation oleic — cis-9-octadecenoic 18:1 linoleic LA cis-9,12-octadecadienoic 18:2 ω-6 gamma- GLA cis-6,9,12- 18:3 ω-6 linolenic octadecatrienoic eicosadienoic EDA cis-11,14-eicosadienoic 20:2 ω-6 dihomo- DGLA or cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic 20:3 ω-6 gamma- HGLA linolenic sciadonic SCI cis-5,11,14-eicosatrienoic 20:3b ω-6 arachidonic AA or ARA cis-5,8,11,14- 20:4 ω-6 eicosatetraenoic alpha-linolenic ALA cis-9,12,15- 18:3 ω-3 octadecatrienoic stearidonic STA cis-6,9,12,15- 18:4 ω-3 octadecatetraenoic eicosatrienoic ETrA or ERA cis-11,14,17- 20:3 ω-3 eicosatrienoic eicosatetraenoic ETA cis-8,11,14,17- 20:4 ω-3 eicosatetraenoic juniperonic JUP cis-5,11,14,17- 20:4b ω-3 eicosatrienoic eicosapentaenoic EPA cis-5,8,11,14,17- 20:5 ω-3 eicosapentaenoic docosapentaenoic DPA cis-7,10,13,16,19- 22:5 ω-3 docosapentaenoic docosahexaenoic DHA cis-4,7,10,13,6,19- 22:6 ω-3 docosahexaenoic

The term “essential fatty acid” refers to a particular PUFA that an organism must ingest in order to survive, being unable to synthesize the particular essential fatty acid de novo. For example, mammals can not synthesize the essential fatty acid LA. Other essential fatty acids include, but are not limited to, GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA.

The term “fat” refers to a lipid substance that is solid at 25° C. and usually saturated.

The term “oil” refers to a lipid substance that is liquid at 25° C. and usually polyunsaturated. PUFAs are found in the oils of some algae, oleaginous yeasts and filamentous fungi. “Microbial oils” or “single cell oils” are those oils naturally produced by microorganisms during their lifespan. Such oils can contain long-chain PUFAs.

The term “PUFA biosynthetic pathway” refers to a metabolic process that converts oleic acid to LA, EDA, GLA, DGLA, AA, ALA, STA, ETrA, ETA, EPA, DPA and DHA. This process is well described in the literature (e.g., see PCT Publication No. WO 2005/003322). Simplistically, this process involves elongation of the carbon chain through the addition of carbon atoms and desaturation of the molecule through the addition of double bonds, via a series of special desaturation and elongation enzymes (i.e., “PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes”) present in the endoplasmic reticulim membrane. More specifically, “PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes” refer to any of the following enzymes (and genes which encode said enzymes) associated with the biosynthesis of a PUFA, including: a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and/or a C_(20/22) elongase.

“Desaturase” is a polypeptide which can desaturate one or more fatty acids to produce a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acid or precursor which is of interest. Of particular interest herein are delta-8 desaturases that will desaturate a fatty acid between the eighth and ninth carbon atom numbered from the carboxyl-terminal end of the molecule and that can, for example, catalyze the conversion of EDA to DGLA and/or ETrA to ETA. Other useful fatty acid desaturases include, for example, (1) delta-5 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of DGLA to AA and/or ETA to EPA; (2) delta-6 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of LA to GLA and/or ALA to STA; (3) delta-4 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of DPA to DHA; (4) delta-12 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of oleic acid to LA; (5) delta-15 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of LA to ALA and/or GLA to STA; (6) delta-17 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of AA to EPA and/or DGLA to ETA; and (7) delta-9 desaturases that catalyze the conversion of palmitate to palmitoleic acid (16:1) and/or stearate to oleic acid (18:1).

The term “elongase system” refers to a suite of four enzymes that are responsible for elongation of a fatty acid carbon chain to produce a fatty acid that is two carbons longer than the fatty acid substrate that the elongase system acts upon. More specifically, the process of elongation occurs in association with fatty acid synthase, whereby CoA is the acyl carrier (Lassner et al., Plant Cell 8:281-292 (1996)). In the first step, which has been found to be both substrate-specific and also rate-limiting, malonyl-CoA is condensed with a long-chain acyl-CoA to yield carbon dioxide (CO₂) and a β-ketoacyl-CoA (where the acyl moiety has been elongated by two carbon atoms). Subsequent reactions include reduction to β-hydroxyacyl-CoA, dehydration to an enoyl-CoA and a second reduction to yield the elongated acyl-CoA. Examples of reactions catalyzed by elongase systems are the conversion of GLA to DGLA, STA to ETA, LA to EDA, ALA to ERA and EPA to DPA.

For the purposes herein, an enzyme catalyzing the first condensation reaction (i.e., conversion of malonyl-CoA to β-ketoacyl-CoA) will be referred to generically as an “elongase”. In general, the substrate selectivity of elongases is somewhat broad but segregated by both chain length and the degree of unsaturation. Accordingly, elongases can have different specificities. For example, a C_(14/16) elongase will utilize a C₁₄ substrate (e.g., myristic), a C_(16/18) elongase will utilize a C₁₆ substrate (e.g., palmitate), a C_(18/20) elongase will utilize a C₁₈ substrate (e.g., GLA, STA) and a C_(20/22) elongase will utilize a C₂₀ substrate (e.g., EPA). In like manner, and of particular interest herein, a “delta-9 elongase” is able to catalyze the conversion of LA and ALA to EDA and ETrA. It is important to note that some elongases have broad specificity and thus a single enzyme may be capable of catalyzing several elongase reactions (e.g., thereby acting as both a C_(16/18) elongase and a C_(18/20) elongase).

In preferred embodiments, it is desirable to empirically determine the specificity of a fatty acid elongase by transforming a suitable host with the gene for the fatty acid elongase and determining its effect on the fatty acid profile of the host. Fatty acid elongases from different species can display great variability in substrate specificity. For example, Mortierella alpina delta-6 elongase acts as a C_(18/20) elongase (elongation of GLA to DGLA) in yeast, but can additionally act as a C_(20/22) elongation of LA or ALA to EDA or ETrA, respectively, in soybean

The term “delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway” refers to a elongase for the elongation of EPA to DPA or as a delta-9 elongase for the biosynthetic pathway for production of long-chain PUFAs. This pathway, at a minimum, comprises a delta-9 elongase and a delta-8 desaturase, thereby enabling biosynthesis of DGLA and/or ETA from LA and ALA, respectively.

The term “delta-9 elongase” refers to an enzyme that is capable of catalyzing at least one elongase reaction such as the elongation of linoleic (LA) or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to EDA or ETrA, respectively. It may act as a C_(16/18) elongase, C_(18/20) elongase and C_(20/22) elongase and may have alternate, but not preferred, specificities for delta-5 and delta-6 fatty acids such as EPA and/or GLA, respectively.

The term “delta-8 desaturase” refers to an enzyme that is capable of catalyzing at least one desaturation reaction such as the desaturation of eicosadienoic acid (EDA) or eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA) to DGLA or ETA, respectively. It acts as a C₂₀ desaturase.

The terms “polynucleotide”, “polynucleotide sequence”, “nucleic acid sequence”, “nucleic acid fragment” and “isolated nucleic acid fragment” are used interchangeably herein. These terms encompass nucleotide sequences and the like. A polynucleotide may be a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, that optionally contains synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. A polynucleotide in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, or mixtures thereof. Nucleotides (usually found in their 5′-monophosphate form) are referred to by a single letter designation as follows: “A” for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), “C” for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, “G” for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U” for uridylate, “T” for deoxythymidylate, “R” for purines (A or G), “Y” for pyrimidines (C or T), “K” for G or T, “H” for A or C or T, “I” for inosine, and “N” for any nucleotide.

The terms “subfragment that is functionally equivalent” and “functionally equivalent subfragment” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to a portion or subsequence of an isolated nucleic acid fragment in which the ability to alter gene expression or produce a certain phenotype is retained whether or not the fragment or subfragment encodes an active enzyme. For example, the fragment or subfragment can be used in the design of chimeric genes to produce the desired phenotype in a transformed plant. Chimeric genes can be designed for use in suppression by linking a nucleic acid fragment or subfragment thereof, whether or not it encodes an active enzyme, in the sense or antisense orientation relative to a plant promoter sequence.

The term “conserved domain” or “motif” means a set of amino acids conserved at specific positions along an aligned sequence of evolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other positions can vary between homologous proteins, amino acids that are highly conserved at specific positions indicate amino acids that are essential in the structure, the stability, or the activity of a protein. Because they are identified by their high degree of conservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein homologues, they can be used as identifiers, or “signatures”, to determine if a protein with a newly determined sequence belongs to a previously identified protein family.

The terms “homology”, “homologous”, “substantially similar” and “corresponding substantially” are used interchangeably herein. They refer to nucleic acid fragments wherein changes in one or more nucleotide bases do not affect the ability of the nucleic acid fragment to mediate gene expression or produce a certain phenotype. These terms also refer to modifications of the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that do not substantially alter the functional properties of the resulting nucleic acid fragment relative to the initial, unmodified fragment. It is therefore understood, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplary sequences.

Moreover, the skilled artisan recognizes that substantially similar nucleic acid sequences encompassed by this invention are also defined by their ability to hybridize (under moderately stringent conditions, e.g., 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 60° C.) with the sequences exemplified herein, or to any portion of the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein and which are functionally equivalent to any of the nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein. Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments, such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, to highly similar fragments, such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms. Post-hybridization washes determine stringency conditions. One set of preferred conditions involves a series of washes starting with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 min, then repeated with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, and then repeated twice with 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min. A more preferred set of stringent conditions involves the use of higher temperatures in which the washes are identical to those above except for the temperature of the final two 30 min washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS was increased to 60° C. Another preferred set of highly stringent conditions involves the use of two final washes in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

“Sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences refers to the nucleic acid bases or amino acid residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window.

Thus, “percentage of sequence identity” refers to the valued determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the results by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Useful examples of percent sequence identities include, but are not limited to, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, or any integer percentage from 50% to 100%. These identities can be determined using any of the programs described herein.

Sequence alignments and percent identity or similarity calculations may be determined using a variety of comparison methods designed to detect homologous sequences including, but not limited to, the MegAlign™ program of the LASARGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequences are performed using the Clustal V method of alignment (Higgins, D. G. and Sharp, P. M. (1989) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 5:151-153; Higgins, D. G. et al. (1992) Comput Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments and calculation of percent identity of protein sequences using the Clustal method are KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. For nucleic acids these parameters are KTUPLE=2, GAP PENALTY=5, WINDOW=4 and DIAGONALS SAVED=4.

It is well understood by one skilled in the art that many levels of sequence identity are useful in identifying polypeptides, from other species, wherein such polypeptides have the same or similar function or activity. Useful examples of percent identities include, but are not limited to, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, or any integer percentage from 55% to 100%. Indeed, any integer amino acid identity from 50% to 100% may be useful in describing the present invention. Also, of interest is any full-length or partial complement of this isolated nucleotide fragment.

“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.

A “codon-optimized gene” is a gene having its frequency of codon usage designed to mimic the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.

An “allele” is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome. When all the alleles present at a given locus on a chromosome are the same that plant is homozygous at that locus. If the alleles present at a given locus on a chromosome differ that plant is heterozygous at that locus.

“Coding sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include, but are not limited to: promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing sites, effector binding sites and stem-loop structures.

“Promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. The promoter sequence consists of proximal and more distal upstream elements, the latter elements often referred to as enhancers. Accordingly, an “enhancer” is a DNA sequence that can stimulate promoter activity, and may be an innate element of the promoter or a heterologous element inserted to enhance the level or tissue-specificity of a promoter. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental conditions. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of some variation may have identical promoter activity. Promoters that cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. New promoters of various types useful in plant cells are constantly being discovered; numerous examples may be found in the compilation by Okamuro, J. K., and Goldberg, R. B. Biochemistry of Plants 15:1-82 (1989).

“Translation leader sequence” refers to a polynucleotide sequence located between the promoter sequence of a gene and the coding sequence. The translation leader sequence is present in the fully processed mRNA upstream of the translation start sequence. The translation leader sequence may affect processing of the primary transcript to mRNA, mRNA stability or translation efficiency. Examples of translation leader sequences have been described (Turner, R. and Foster, G. D., Mol. Biotechnol. 3:225-236 (1995)).

“3′non-coding sequences”, “transcription terminator” or “termination sequences” refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding sequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. The use of different 3′ non-coding sequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht, I. L., et al. Plant Cell 1:671-680 (1989).

“RNA transcript” refers to the product resulting from RNA polymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNA transcript is a perfect complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it is referred to as the primary transcript. A RNA transcript is referred to as the mature RNA when it is a RNA sequence derived from post-transcriptional processing of the primary transcript. “Messenger RNA” or “mRNA” refers to the RNA that is without introns and that can be translated into protein by the cell. “cDNA” refers to a DNA that is complementary to, and synthesized from, a mRNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The cDNA can be single-stranded or converted into double-stranded form using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. “Sense” RNA refers to RNA transcript that includes the mRNA and can be translated into protein within a cell or in vitro. “Antisense RNA” refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of a target primary transcript or mRNA, and that blocks the expression of a target gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065). The complementarity of an antisense RNA may be with any part of the specific gene transcript, i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, introns, or the coding sequence. “Functional RNA” refers to antisense RNA, ribozyme RNA, or other RNA that may not be translated but yet has an effect on cellular processes. The terms “complement” and “reverse complement” are used interchangeably herein with respect to mRNA transcripts, and are meant to define the antisense RNA of the message.

The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is regulated by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of regulating the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisense orientation. In another example, the complementary RNA regions of the invention can be operably linked, either directly or indirectly, 5′ to the target mRNA, or 3′ to the target mRNA, or within the target mRNA, or a first complementary region is 5′ and its complement is 3′ to the target mRNA.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989). Transformation methods are well known to those skilled in the art and are described below.

“PCR” or “polymerase chain reaction” is a technique for the synthesis of large quantities of specific DNA segments and consists of a series of repetitive cycles (Perkin Elmer Cetus Instruments, Norwalk, Conn.). Typically, the double-stranded DNA is heat denatured, the two primers complementary to the 3′ boundaries of the target segment are annealed at low temperature and then extended at an intermediate temperature. One set of these three consecutive steps is referred to as a “cycle”.

The term “recombinant” refers to an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis or by the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques.

The terms “plasmid”, “vector” and “cassette” refer to an extra chromosomal element often carrying genes that are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA fragments. Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell. “Transformation cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that facilitates transformation of a particular host cell. “Expression cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow for enhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host.

The terms “recombinant construct”, “expression construct”, “chimeric construct”, “construct”, and “recombinant DNA construct” are used interchangeably herein. A recombinant construct comprises an artificial combination of nucleic acid fragments, e.g., regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. For example, a chimeric construct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. Such a construct may be used by itself or may be used in conjunction with a vector. If a vector is used, then the choice of vector is dependent upon the method that will be used to transform host cells as is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, a plasmid vector can be used. The skilled artisan is well aware of the genetic elements that must be present on the vector in order to successfully transform, select and propagate host cells comprising any of the isolated nucleic acid fragments of the invention. The skilled artisan will also recognize that different independent transformation events will result in different levels and patterns of expression (Jones et al., EMBO J. 4:2411-2418 (1985); De Almeida et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 218:78-86 (1989)), and thus that multiple events must be screened in order to obtain lines displaying the desired expression level and pattern. Such screening may be accomplished by Southern analysis of DNA, Northern analysis of mRNA expression, immunoblotting analysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis, among others.

The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the production of a functional end-product (e.g., a mRNA or a protein [either precursor or mature]).

The term “expression cassette” as used herein, refers to a discrete nucleic acid fragment into which a nucleic acid sequence or fragment can be moved.

“Mature” protein refers to a post-translationally processed polypeptide (i.e., one from which any pre- or propeptides present in the primary translation product have been removed). “Precursor” protein refers to the primary product of translation of mRNA (i.e., with pre- and propeptides still present). Pre- and propeptides may be but are not limited to intracellular localization signals.

“Stable transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into a genome of a host organism, including both nuclear and organellar genomes, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. In contrast, “transient transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the nucleus, or DNA-containing organelle, of a host organism resulting in gene expression without integration or stable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” organisms.

“Antisense inhibition” refers to the production of antisense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of the target protein. “Co-suppression” refers to the production of sense RNA transcripts capable of suppressing the expression of identical or substantially similar foreign or endogenous genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,020). Co-suppression constructs in plants previously have been designed by focusing on overexpression of a nucleic acid sequence having homology to an endogenous mRNA, in the sense orientation, which results in the reduction of all RNA having homology to the overexpressed sequence (Vaucheret et al., Plant J. 16:651-659 (1998); Gura, Nature 404:804-808 (2000)). The overall efficiency of this phenomenon is low, and the extent of the RNA reduction is widely variable. Recent work has described the use of “hairpin” structures that incorporate all, or part, of an mRNA encoding sequence in a complementary orientation that results in a potential “stem-loop” structure for the expressed RNA (PCT Publication No. WO 99/53050, published Oct. 21, 1999; PCT Publication No. WO 02/00904, published Jan. 3, 2002). This increases the frequency of co-suppression in the recovered transgenic plants. Another variation describes the use of plant viral sequences to direct the suppression, or “silencing”, of proximal mRNA encoding sequences (PCT Publication No. WO 98/36083, published Aug. 20, 1998). Both of these co-suppressing phenomena have not been elucidated mechanistically, although genetic evidence has begun to unravel this complex situation (Elmayan et al., Plant Cell 10:1747-1757 (1998)).

The term “oleaginous” refers to those organisms that tend to store their energy source in the form of lipid (Weete, In: Fungal Lipid Biochemistry, 2^(nd) Ed., Plenum, 1980). Generally, the cellular oil content of these microorganisms follows a sigmoid curve, wherein the concentration of lipid increases until it reaches a maximum at the late logarithmic or early stationary growth phase and then gradually decreases during the late stationary and death phases (Yongmanitchai and Ward, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:419-25 (1991)).

The term “oleaginous yeast” refers to those microorganisms classified as yeasts that make oil. It is not uncommon for oleaginous microorganisms to accumulate in excess of about 25% of their dry cell weight as oil. Examples of oleaginous yeast include, but are no means limited to, the following genera: Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces.

The “Clustal V method of alignment” corresponds to the alignment method labeled Clustal V (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153 (1989)) and found in the MegAlign™ program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). The “default parameters” are the parameters preset by the manufacturer of the program. For multiple alignments, they correspond to GAP PENALTY=10 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10; and, for pairwise alignments, they are KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. After alignment of the sequences using the Clustal V program, it is possible to obtain a “percent identity” by viewing the “sequence distances” table in the same program.

“BLASTN method of alignment” is an algorithm provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to compare nucleotide sequences using default parameters.

“Progeny” comprises any subsequent generation of a plant.

The present invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising:

-   -   (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8         desaturase activity, wherein the polypeptide has at least 80%         amino acid identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment,         when compared to an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID         NO:16;     -   (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8         desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at         least 90% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of         alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth         in SEQ ID NO:15; or     -   (c) a complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a) or (b),         wherein the complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of         the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary.

In still another aspect, this invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8 desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at least 80% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15.

It was found that a comparison of SEQ ID NO:15 and SEQ ID NO:57 using the BLASTN method of alignment with default parameters showed that these sequences had at least 86% sequence identity.

This delta-8 desaturase may be used alone or in combination with other desaturase and elongase components to produce various omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs, including e.g., DGLA, ETA, AA, EPA, DPA and/or DHA (FIG. 12). One skilled in the art will recognize the appropriate combinations of the delta-8 desaturase of the invention herein in conjunction with a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and/or a C_(20/22) elongase, based on the particular host cell (and its native PUFA profile and/or desaturase and/or elongase profile), the availability of substrate, and the desired end product(s).

At times, it may be desirable to minimize by-product fatty acids. The relative abundance of by-product fatty acids could be decreased by increasing total delta-8 desaturase activity. One approach to minimize by-product fatty acids would be to express more than one delta-8 desaturase (i.e., the same or different delta-8 desaturase). For instance, the presence of sciadonic acid (SCI) and/or juniperonic acid (JUP), commonly found in the seed lipids of gymnosperms (Wolff et al., Lipids 35(1):1-22 (2000)), such as those in the Pinaceae family (pine), might be considered by-product fatty acids of a delta-6 desaturase or delta-9-elongase pathway. Although these fatty acids are considered to have various health-enhancing properties themselves (Nakane et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23: 758-761 (2000)), their presence as by-product fatty acids in an engineered PUFA pathway, such as in an oilseed crop, may not be desirable depending on the application.

In another embodiment, this invention concerns a recombinant construct comprising the polynucleotide of the invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

As was noted above, a promoter is a DNA sequence that directs cellular machinery of a plant to produce RNA from the contiguous coding sequence downstream (3′) of the promoter. The promoter region influences the rate, developmental stage, and cell type in which the RNA transcript of the gene is made. The RNA transcript is processed to produce mRNA which serves as a template for translation of the RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide. The 5′ non-translated leader sequence is a region of the mRNA upstream of the protein coding region that may play a role in initiation and translation of the mRNA. The 3′ transcription termination/polyadenylation signal is a non-translated region downstream of the protein coding region that functions in the plant cell to cause termination of the RNA transcript and the addition of polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA.

The origin of the promoter chosen to drive expression of the coding sequence is not important as long as it has sufficient transcriptional activity to accomplish the invention by expressing translatable mRNA for the desired nucleic acid fragments in the desired host tissue at the right time. Either heterologous or non-heterologous (i.e., endogenous) promoters can be used to practice the invention. For example, suitable promoters include, but are not limited to: the alpha prime subunit of beta conglycinin promoter, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3 promoter, annexin promoter, Gly1 promoter, beta subunit of beta conglycinin promoter, P34/Gly Bd m 30K promoter, albumin promoter, Leg A1 promoter and Leg A2 promoter.

The annexin, or P34, promoter is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071178 (published Aug. 26, 2004). The level of activity of the annexin promoter is comparable to that of many known strong promoters, such as: (1) the CaMV 35S promoter (Atanassova et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 37:275-285 (1998); Battraw and Hall, Plant Mol. Biol. 15:527-538 (1990); Holtorf et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 29:637-646 (1995); Jefferson et al., EMBO J. 6:3901-3907 (1987); Wilmink et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 28:949-955 (1995)); (2) the Arabidopsis oleosin promoters (Plant et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 25:193-205 (1994); Li, Texas A&M University Ph.D. dissertation, pp. 107-128 (1997)); (3) the Arabidopsis ubiquitin extension protein promoters (Callis et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265(21):12486-93 (1990)); (4) a tomato ubiquitin gene promoter (Rollfinke et al., Gene. 211(2):267-76 (1998)); (5) a soybean heat shock protein promoter (Schoffl et al., Mol Gen Genet. 217(2-3):246-53 (1989)); and, (6) a maize H3 histone gene promoter (Atanassova et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 37(2):275-85 (1989)).

Another useful feature of the annexin promoter is its expression profile in developing seeds. The annexin promoter is most active in developing seeds at early stages (before 10 days after pollination) and is largely quiescent in later stages. The expression profile of the annexin promoter is different from that of many seed-specific promoters, e.g., seed storage protein promoters, which often provide highest activity in later stages of development (Chen et al., Dev. Genet. 10:112-122 (1989); Ellerstrom et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 32:1019-1027 (1996); Keddie et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 24:327-340 (1994); Plant et al., (supra); Li, (supra)). The annexin promoter has a more conventional expression profile but remains distinct from other known seed specific promoters. Thus, the annexin promoter will be a very attractive candidate when overexpression, or suppression, of a gene in embryos is desired at an early developing stage. For example, it may be desirable to overexpress a gene regulating early embryo development or a gene involved in the metabolism prior to seed maturation.

Following identification of an appropriate promoter suitable for expression of a specific coding sequence, the promoter is then operably linked in a sense orientation using conventional means well known to those skilled in the art.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described more fully in Sambrook, J. et al., In Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; 2nd ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989 (hereinafter “Sambrook et al., 1989”) or Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J. G., Smith, J. A. and Struhl, K., Eds.; In Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1990 (hereinafter “Ausubel et al., 1990”).

Once the recombinant construct has been made, it may then be introduced into a plant cell of choice by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., transfection, transformation and electroporation). Oilseed plant cells are the preferred plant cells. The transformed plant cell is then cultured and regenerated under suitable conditions permitting expression of the long-chain PUFA which is then optionally recovered and purified.

The recombinant constructs of the invention may be introduced into one plant cell; or, alternatively, each construct may be introduced into separate plant cells. Expression in a plant cell may be accomplished in a transient or stable fashion as is described above.

The desired long-chain PUFAs can be expressed in seed. Also within the scope of this invention are seeds or plant parts obtained from such transformed plants.

Plant parts include differentiated and undifferentiated tissues including, but not limited to the following: roots, stems, shoots, leaves, pollen, seeds, tumor tissue and various forms of cells and culture (e.g., single cells, protoplasts, embryos and callus tissue). The plant tissue may be in plant or in a plant organ, tissue or cell culture.

The term “plant organ” refers to plant tissue or group of tissues that constitute a morphologically and functionally distinct part of a plant. The term “genome” refers to the following: (1) the entire complement of genetic material (genes and non-coding sequences) is present in each cell of an organism, or virus or organelle; (2) a complete set of chromosomes inherited as a (haploid) unit from one parent.

Thus, this invention also concerns a method for transforming a cell, comprising transforming a cell with the recombinant construct of the invention and selecting those cells transformed with the recombinant construct of Claim 5.

Also of interest is a method for producing a transformed plant comprising transforming a plant cell with the polynucleotide of the instant invention and regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell.

Methods for transforming dicots (primarily by use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and obtaining transgenic plants have been published, among others, for: cotton (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,004,863; 5,159,135); soybean (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,569,834; 5,416,011); Brassica (U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,174); peanut (Cheng et al. Plant Cell Rep. 15:653-657 (1996); McKently et al. Plant Cell Rep. 14:699-703 (1995)); papaya (Ling, K. et al. Bio/technology 9:752-758 (1991)); and pea (Grant et al. Plant Cell Rep. 15:254-258 (1995)). For a review of other commonly used methods of plant transformation see Newell, C. A. (Mol. Biotechnol. 16:53-65 (2000)). One of these methods of transformation uses Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Tepfler, M. and Casse-Delbart, F. Microbiol. Sci. 4:24-28 (1987)). Transformation of soybeans using direct delivery of DNA has been published using PEG fusion (PCT Publication No. WO 92/17598), electroporation (Chowrira, G. M. et al., Mol. Biotechnol. 3:17-23 (1995); Christou, P. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:3962-3966 (1987)), microinjection, or particle bombardment (McCabe, D. E. et. al., Bio/Technology 6:923 (1988); Christou et al., Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (1988)).

There are a variety of methods for the regeneration of plants from plant tissue. The particular method of regeneration will depend on the starting plant tissue and the particular plant species to be regenerated. The regeneration, development and cultivation of plants from single plant protoplast transformants or from various transformed explants is well known in the art (Weissbach and Weissbach, In: Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, (Eds.), Academic: San Diego, Calif. (1988)). This regeneration and growth process typically includes the steps of selection of transformed cells and culturing those individualized cells through the usual stages of embryonic development through the rooted plantlet stage. Transgenic embryos and seeds are similarly regenerated. The resulting transgenic rooted shoots are thereafter planted in an appropriate plant growth medium such as soil. Preferably, the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to provide homozygous transgenic plants. Otherwise, pollen obtained from the regenerated plants is crossed to seed-grown plants of agronomically important lines. Conversely, pollen from plants of these important lines is used to pollinate regenerated plants. A transgenic plant of the present invention containing a desired polypeptide is cultivated using methods well known to one skilled in the art.

In addition to the above discussed procedures, practitioners are familiar with the standard resource materials which describe specific conditions and procedures for the construction, manipulation and isolation of macromolecules (e.g., DNA molecules, plasmids, etc.), generation of recombinant DNA fragments and recombinant expression constructs and the screening and isolating of clones. See, for example: Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor: NY (1989); Maliga et al., Methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor: NY (1995); Birren et al., Genome Analysis: Detecting Genes, Vol. 1, Cold Spring Harbor: NY (1998); Birren et al., Genome Analysis: Analyzing DNA, Vol. 2, Cold Spring Harbor: NY (1998); Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, eds. Clark, Springer: NY (1997).

Examples of oilseed plants include, but are not limited to, soybean, Brassica species, sunflower, maize, cotton, flax and safflower.

Examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least twenty carbon atoms and five or more carbon-carbon double bonds include, but are not limited to, omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA, DPA and DHA. Seeds obtained from such plants are also within the scope of this invention as well as oil obtained from such seeds.

In one embodiment this invention concerns an oilseed plant comprising: a) a first recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding a delta-8 desaturase polypeptide, operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence; and b) at least one additional recombinant DNA construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide, operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence, encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and a C_(20/22) elongase.

Such desaturases are discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,183, 5,968,809, 6,136,574, 5,972,664, 6,051,754, 6,410,288 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 98/46763, WO 98/46764, WO 00/12720 and WO 00/40705.

The choice of combination of cassettes used depends in part on the PUFA profile and/or desaturase/elongase profile of the oilseed plant cells to be transformed and the long-chain PUFA which is to be expressed.

In another aspect, this invention concerns a method for making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a plant cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a cell with the recombinant construct of the         invention; and     -   (b) selecting those transformed cells that make long-chain         polyunsaturated fatty acids.

In still another aspect, this invention concerns a method for producing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid in a soybean cell comprising:

-   -   (a) transforming a soybean cell with a first recombinant DNA         construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding a         delta-8 desaturase polypeptide, operably linked to at least one         regulatory sequence and at least one additional recombinant DNA         construct comprising an isolated polynucleotide, operably linked         to at least one regulatory sequence, encoding a polypeptide         selected from the group consisting of a delta-4 desaturase, a         delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase,         a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15         desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a         C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase         and a C_(20/22) elongase;     -   (b) regenerating a soybean plant from the transformed cell of         step (a); and     -   (c) selecting those seeds obtained from the plants of step (b)         having an altered level of polyunsaturated fatty acids when         compared to the level in seeds obtained from a nontransformed         soybean plant.

Methods of isolating seed oils are well known in the art: (Young et al., Processing of Fats and Oils, In The Lipid Handbook, Gunstone et al., eds., Chapter 5 pp 253-257; Chapman & Hall: London (1994)). For example, soybean oil is produced using a series of steps involving the extraction and purification of an edible oil product from the oil-bearing seed. Soybean oils and soybean byproducts are produced using the generalized steps shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Generalized Steps for Soybean Oil and Byproduct Production Process Impurities Removed and/or Step Process By-Products Obtained # 1 soybean seed # 2 oil extraction meal # 3 degumming lecithin # 4 alkali or physical refining gums, free fatty acids, pigments # 5 water washing soap # 6 bleaching color, soap, metal # 7 (hydrogenation) # 8 (winterization) stearine # 9 deodorization free fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, volatiles # 10  oil products

More specifically, soybean seeds are cleaned, tempered, dehulled and flaked, thereby increasing the efficiency of oil extraction. Oil extraction is usually accomplished by solvent (e.g., hexane) extraction but can also be achieved by a combination of physical pressure and/or solvent extraction. The resulting oil is called crude oil. The crude oil may be degummed by hydrating phospholipids and other polar and neutral lipid complexes that facilitate their separation from the nonhydrating, triglyceride fraction (soybean oil). The resulting lecithin gums may be further processed to make commercially important lecithin products used in a variety of food and industrial products as emulsification and release (i.e., antisticking) agents. Degummed oil may be further refined for the removal of impurities (primarily free fatty acids, pigments and residual gums). Refining is accomplished by the addition of a caustic agent that reacts with free fatty acid to form soap and hydrates phosphatides and proteins in the crude oil. Water is used to wash out traces of soap formed during refining. The soapstock byproduct may be used directly in animal feeds or acidulated to recover the free fatty acids. Color is removed through adsorption with a bleaching earth that removes most of the chlorophyll and carotenoid compounds. The refined oil can be hydrogenated, thereby resulting in fats with various melting properties and textures. Winterization (fractionation) may be used to remove stearine from the hydrogenated oil through crystallization under carefully controlled cooling conditions. Deodorization (principally via steam distillation under vacuum) is the last step and is designed to remove compounds which impart odor or flavor to the oil. Other valuable byproducts such as tocopherols and sterols may be removed during the deodorization process. Deodorized distillate containing these byproducts may be sold for production of natural vitamin E and other high-value pharmaceutical products. Refined, bleached, (hydrogenated, fractionated) and deodorized oils and fats may be packaged and sold directly or further processed into more specialized products. A more detailed reference to soybean seed processing, soybean oil production and byproduct utilization can be found in Erickson, Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization, The American Oil Chemists' Society and United Soybean Board (1995).

Soybean oil is liquid at room temperature because it is relatively low in saturated fatty acids when compared with oils such as coconut, palm, palm kernel and cocoa butter. Many processed fats (including spreads, confectionary fats, hard butters, margarines, baking shortenings, etc.) require varying degrees of solidity at room temperature and can only be produced from soybean oil through alteration of its physical properties. This is most commonly achieved through catalytic hydrogenation.

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which hydrogen is added to the unsaturated fatty acid double bonds with the aid of a catalyst such as nickel. High oleic soybean oil contains unsaturated oleic, LA and linolenic fatty acids and each of these can be hydrogenated. Hydrogenation has two primary effects. First, the oxidative stability of the oil is increased as a result of the reduction of the unsaturated fatty acid content. Second, the physical properties of the oil are changed because the fatty acid modifications increase the melting point resulting in a semi-liquid or solid fat at room temperature.

There are many variables which affect the hydrogenation reaction, which in turn alter the composition of the final product. Operating conditions including pressure, temperature, catalyst type and concentration, agitation and reactor design are among the more important parameters that can be controlled. Selective hydrogenation conditions can be used to hydrogenate the more unsaturated fatty acids in preference to the less unsaturated ones. Very light or brush hydrogenation is often employed to increase stability of liquid oils. Further hydrogenation converts a liquid oil to a physically solid fat. The degree of hydrogenation depends on the desired performance and melting characteristics designed for the particular end product. Liquid shortenings (used in the manufacture of baking products, solid fats and shortenings used for commercial frying and roasting operations) and base stocks for margarine manufacture are among the myriad of possible oil and fat products achieved through hydrogenation. A more detailed description of hydrogenation and hydrogenated products can be found in Patterson, H. B. W., Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils: Theory and Practice. The American Oil Chemists' Society (1994).

Hydrogenated oils have also become controversial due to the presence of trans-fatty acid isomers that result from the hydrogenation process. Ingestion of large amounts of trans-isomers has been linked with detrimental health effects including increased ratios of low density to high density lipoproteins in the blood plasma and increased risk of coronary heart disease.

Compared to other vegetable oils, the oils of the invention are believed to function similarly to other oils in food applications from a physical standpoint. Partially hydrogenated oils, such as soybean oil, are widely used as ingredients for soft spreads, margarine and shortenings for baking and frying.

In general, lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms is triggered in response to the overall carbon to nitrogen ratio present in the growth medium. This process, leading to the de novo synthesis of free palmitate (16:0) in oleaginous microorganisms, is described in detail in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757. Palmitate is the precursor of longer-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid derivates, which are formed through the action of elongases and desaturases. For example, palmitate is converted to its unsaturated derivative (palmitoleic acid (16:1)) by the action of a delta-9 desaturase. Similarly, palmitate is elongated by a C_(16/18) fatty acid elongase to form stearic acid (18:0), which can be converted to its unsaturated derivative by a delta-9 desaturase to thereby yield oleic acid (18:1).

Triacylglycerols (the primary storage unit for fatty acids) are formed by the esterification of two molecules of acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphate (commonly identified as phosphatidic acid). The phosphate is then removed, by phosphatidic acid phosphatase, to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol. Triacylglycerol is formed upon the addition of a third fatty acid by the action of a diacylglycerol-acyl transferase.

Many microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, molds and yeasts, can synthesize PUFAs and omega fatty acids in the ordinary course of cellular metabolism. Particularly well-studied are fungi including Schizochytrium aggregatm, species of the genus Thraustochytrium and Morteriella alpina. Additionally, many dinoflagellates (Dinophyceaae) naturally produce high concentrations of PUFAs. As such, a variety of genes involved in oil production have been identified through genetic means and the DNA sequences of some of these genes are publicly available. See, for example, AY131238, Y055118, AY055117, AF296076, AF007561, L11421, NM_(—)031344, AF465283, AF465281, AF110510, AF465282, AF419296, AB052086, AJ250735, AF126799, AF126798 (delta-6 desaturases); AF199596, AF226273, AF320509, AB072976, AF489588, AJ510244, AF419297, AF07879, AF067654, AB022097 (delta-5 desaturases); AAG36933, AF110509, AB020033, AAL13300, AF417244, AF161219, AY332747, AAG36933, AF110509, X86736, AF240777, AB007640, AB075526, AP002063 (delta-12 desaturases); NP_(—)441622, BAA18302, BAA02924, AAL36934 (delta-15 desaturases); AF338466, AF438199, E11368, E11367, D83185, U90417, AF085500, AY504633, NM_(—)069854, AF230693 (delta-9 desaturases); AF390174 (delta-9 elongase); AF139720 and CQ831420 (delta-8 desaturase); and AX464731, NM_(—)119617, NM_(—)134255, NM_(—)134383, NM_(—)134382, NM_(—)068396, NM_(—)068392, NM_(—)070713, NM_(—)068746, NM_(—)064685 (elongases).

Additionally, the patent literature provides many additional DNA sequences of genes (and/or details concerning several of the genes above and their methods of isolation) involved in PUFA production (e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 02/077213 (delta-9 elongases); PCT Publication No. WO 00/34439, WO 04/057001 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,017 (delta-8 desaturases); U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,809 (delta-6 desaturases); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,972,664 and 6,075,183 (delta-5 desaturases); PCT Publication No. WO 94/11516, U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,974, PCT Publication No. WO 03/099216 and PCT Publication No. WO 05/047485 (delta-12 desaturases); PCT Publication No. WO 93/11245 (delta-15 desaturases); PCT Publication No. WO 91/13972 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,419 (delta-9 desaturases); U.S. Publication No. 2003/0196217 A1 (delta-17 desaturase); and PCT Publication No. WO 00/12720 and PCT Publication No. WO 2002/077213, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,403,349, 6,677,145, and U.S. Publication No. 2004/0111763 (C_(14/16), C_(16/18) and C_(18/20) elongases)). Each of these patents and applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

As will be obvious to one skilled in the art, the particular functionalities required to be introduced into a microbial host organism for production of a particular PUFA final product will depend on the host cell (and its native PUFA profile and/or desaturase/elongase profile), the availability of substrate and the desired end product(s). LA, GLA, EDA, DGLA, AA, ALA, STA, ETrA, ETA, EPA, DPA and DHA may all be produced in oleaginous yeasts, by introducing various combinations of the following PUFA enzyme functionalities: a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and/or a C_(20/22) elongase. One skilled in the art will be able to identify various candidate genes encoding each of the above enzymes, according to publicly available literature (e.g., GenBank), the patent literature, and experimental analysis of microorganisms having the ability to produce PUFAs. The sequences may be derived from any source, e.g., isolated from a natural source (from bacteria, algae, fungi, plants, animals, etc.), produced via a semi-synthetic route or synthesized de novo. In some embodiments, manipulation of genes endogenous to the host is preferred; for other purposes, it is necessary to introduce heterologous genes.

Although the particular source of the desaturase and elongase genes introduced into the host is not critical to the invention, considerations for choosing a specific polypeptide having desaturase or elongase activity include (1) the substrate specificity of the polypeptide, (2) whether the polypeptide or a component thereof is a rate-limiting enzyme, (3) whether the desaturase or elongase is essential for synthesis of a desired PUFA, and/or (4) co-factors required by the polypeptide. The expressed polypeptide preferably has parameters compatible with the biochemical environment of its location in the host cell. For example, the polypeptide may have to compete for substrate with other enzymes in the host cell. Analyses of the K_(M) and specific activity of the polypeptide are therefore considered in determining the suitability of a given polypeptide for modifying PUFA production in a given host cell. The polypeptide used in a particular host cell is one that can function under the biochemical conditions present in the intended host cell but otherwise can be any polypeptide having desaturase or elongase activity capable of modifying the desired PUFA.

In some cases, the host organism in which it is desirable to produce PUFAs will possess endogenous genes encoding some PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes. For example, oleaginous yeast can typically produce 18:2 fatty acids (and some have the additional capability of synthesizing 18:3 fatty acids); thus, oleaginous yeast typically possess native delta-12 desaturase activity and may also have delta-15 desaturases. In some embodiments, therefore, expression of the native desaturase enzyme is preferred over a heterologous (or “foreign”) enzyme since (1) the native enzyme is optimized for interaction with other enzymes and proteins within the cell, and (2) heterologous genes are unlikely to share the same codon preference in the host organism. Additionally, advantages are incurred when the sequence of the native gene is known, as it permits facile disruption of the endogenous gene by targeted disruption.

In many instances, however, the appropriate desaturases and elongases are not present in the host organism of choice to enable production of the desired PUFA products. Thus, it is necessary to introduce heterologous genes. In one embodiment of the present invention, work was conducted toward the goal of the development of an oleaginous yeast that accumulates oils enriched in long-chain omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids via expression of a delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway, to enable production of EDA, DGLA, ARA, ALA, ETrA, ETA, EPA, DPA and/or DHA.

In order to express genes encoding the delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway for the biosynthesis of long-chain PUFAs (e.g., AA and EPA) in these organisms, it was therefore necessary to (1) identify a suitable delta-9 elongase and delta-8 desaturase that functioned relatively efficiently in oleaginous yeast based on substrate-feeding trials, and, (2) subject the delta-9 elongase and delta-8 desaturase gene to codon-optimization techniques (infra) to further enhance the expression of the heterologous enzymes in the alternate oleaginous yeast host, to thereby enable maximal production of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids.

It will be obvious to one of skill in the art that heterologous genes will be expressed with variable efficiencies in an alternate host. Thus, omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFA production may be optimized by selection of a particular desaturase or elongase whose level of expression in a heterologous host is preferred relative to the expression of an alternate desaturase or elongase in the host organism of interest. Furthermore, it may be desirable to modify the expression of particular PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes to achieve optimal conversion efficiency of each, according to the specific PUFA product composition of interest. A variety of genetic engineering techniques are available to optimize expression of a particular enzyme. Two such techniques include codon optimization and gene mutation, as described below. Genes produced by, for example, either of these two methods, having desaturase and/or elongase activity(s) would be useful in the invention herein for synthesis of omega-3 and/or omega-6 PUFAs.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, it is frequently useful to modify a portion of the codons encoding a particular polypeptide that is to be expressed in a foreign host, such that the modified polypeptide uses codons that are preferred by the alternate host. Use of host-preferred codons can substantially enhance the expression of the foreign gene encoding the polypeptide.

In general, host-preferred codons can be determined within a particular host species of interest by examining codon usage in proteins (preferably those expressed in the largest amount) and determining which codons are used with highest frequency. Then, the coding sequence for a polypeptide of interest having desaturase or elongase activity can be synthesized in whole or in part using the codons preferred in the host species. All (or portions) of the DNA also can be synthesized to remove any destabilizing sequences or regions of secondary structure that would be present in the transcribed mRNA. All (or portions) of the DNA also can be synthesized to alter the base composition to one more preferable in the desired host cell.

In the present invention, it is desirable to modify a portion of the codons encoding the polypeptide having delta-8 desaturase activity, to enhance the expression of the gene in a host organism including, but not limited to, a plant, plant parts and/or oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The nucleic acid sequence of the native gene (i.e., the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase defined herein as SEQ ID NOs:14, 15 and 16) is modified to employ host-preferred codons. This wildtype desaturase has 423 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:16); in the codon-optimized gene (SEQ ID NO:57), 166 bp of the 1272 bp coding region (13.1%) and 161 codons are codon-optimized (38.1%) and the translation initiation site is modified.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that modulation of the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase as well as numerous other heterologous delta-8 desaturases from variable sources can be codon-optimized to improve their expression in an oleaginous yeast host (e.g, see Example 18 herein, wherein a synthetic codon-optimized delta-8 desaturase derived from Pavlova lutheri was created for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica). The present invention comprises the complete sequence of the synthetic codon-optimized gene as reported in the accompanying Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NO:57), the complement of those complete sequences, and substantial portions of those sequences. Furthermore, the codon-optimization method described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101753 and described herein for optimization of the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase is equally applicable to other genes in the omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.

Methods for synthesizing sequences and bringing sequences together are well established in the literature. For example, in vitro mutagenesis and selection, site-directed mutagenesis, error prone PCR (Melnikov et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 27(4):1056-1062 (February 1999)), “gene shuffling” or other means can be employed to obtain mutations of naturally occurring desaturase or elongase genes (wherein such mutations may include deletions, insertions and point mutations, or combinations thereof). This would permit production of a polypeptide having desaturase or elongase activity, respectively, in vivo with more desirable physical and kinetic parameters for function in the host cell such as a longer half-life or a higher rate of production of a desired PUFA. Or, if desired, the regions of a polypeptide of interest (i.e., a desaturase or an elongase) important for enzymatic activity can be determined through routine mutagenesis, expression of the resulting mutant polypeptides and determination of their activities. An overview of these techniques are described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757. All such mutant proteins and nucleotide sequences encoding them that are derived from the codon-optimized gene described herein are within the scope of the present invention.

Microbial production of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids has several advantages. For example, (1) many microbes are known with greatly simplified oil compositions compared with those of higher organisms, making purification of desired components easier, (2) microbial production is not subject to fluctuations caused by external variables, such as weather and food supply, (3) microbially produced oil is substantially free of contamination by environmental pollutants, (4) microbes can provide PUFAs in particular forms which may have specific uses, and (5) microbial oil production can be manipulated by controlling culture conditions, notably by providing particular substrates for microbially expressed enzymes, or by addition of compounds/genetic engineering to suppress undesired biochemical pathways.

In addition to these advantages, production of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids from recombinant microbes provides the ability to alter the naturally occurring microbial fatty acid profile by providing new biosynthetic pathways in the host or by suppressing undesired pathways, thereby increasing levels of desired PUFAs, or conjugated forms thereof, and decreasing levels of undesired PUFAs. For example, it is possible to modify the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids so produced, produce either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids exclusively while eliminating production of the alternate omega fatty acid, or engineer production of a specific PUFA without significant accumulation of other PUFA downstream or upstream products (e.g., enable biosynthesis of AA, EPA and/or DHA via the delta-9 elongase/delta-8 desaturase pathway, thereby avoiding synthesis of GLA and/or STA).

The genes and gene products described herein may be produced in heterologous microbial host cells, particularly in the cells of oleaginous yeasts (e.g., Yarrowia lipolytica). Expression in recombinant microbial hosts may be useful for the production of various PUFA pathway intermediates, or for the modulation of PUFA pathways already existing in the host for the synthesis of new products heretofore not possible using the host.

Microbial expression systems and expression vectors containing regulatory sequences that direct high level expression of foreign proteins are well known to those skilled in the art. Any of these could be used to construct chimeric genes for production of any of the gene products of the preferred desaturase and/or elongase sequences. These chimeric genes could then be introduced into appropriate microorganisms via transformation to provide high-level expression of the encoded enzymes.

Accordingly, it is expected that introduction of chimeric genes encoding a PUFA biosynthetic pathway, under the control of the appropriate promoters will result in increased production of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids. It is contemplated that it will be useful to express various combinations of these PUFA desaturase and elongase genes together in a host microorganism. It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the particular genes included within a particular expression cassette(s) will depend on the host cell, its ability to synthesize PUFAs using native desaturases and elongases, the availability of substrate and the desired end product(s). For example, it may be desirable for an expression cassette to be constructed comprising genes encoding one or more of the following enzymatic activities: a delta-4 desaturase, a delta-5 desaturase, a delta-6 desaturase, a delta-8 desaturase, a delta-12 desaturase, a delta-15 desaturase, a delta-17 desaturase, a delta-9 desaturase, a delta-9 elongase, a C_(14/16) elongase, a C_(16/18) elongase, a C_(18/20) elongase and/or a C_(20/22) elongase. As such, the present invention encompasses a method of producing PUFAs comprising exposing a fatty acid substrate to the PUFA enzyme(s) described herein, such that the substrate is converted to the desired fatty acid product. Thus, each PUFA gene and corresponding enzyme product described herein (e.g., a wildtype, codon-optimized, synthetic and/or mutant enzyme having appropriate desaturase or elongase activity) can be used directly or indirectly for the production of PUFAs. Direct production of PUFAs occurs wherein the fatty acid substrate is converted directly into the desired fatty acid product without any intermediate steps or pathway intermediates. For example, production of AA would occur in a host cell which produces or which is provided DGLA, by adding or introducing into said cell an expression cassette that provides delta-5 desaturase activity. Similarly, expression of the delta-8 desaturase of the invention permits the direct synthesis of EDA and ETrA (when provided LA and ALA, respectively, as substrate). Thus, for example, the present invention may encompass a method of producing either EDA or ETrA, respectively, comprising:

-   -   a) providing a host organism including, but not limited to, an         oleaginous yeast comprising: (i) a gene encoding a delta-8         desaturase polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 or SEQ ID         NO:57; and         -   (ii) a source of desaturase substrate consisting of either             EDA or ETrA, respectively; and,     -   b) growing the yeast of step (a) in the presence of a suitable         fermentable carbon source wherein the gene encoding a delta-8         desaturase polypeptide is expressed and EDA is converted to DGLA         or ETrA is converted to ETA, respectively; and,     -   c) optionally recovering the DGLA or ETA, respectively, of step         (b).

In some preferred embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding a delta-8 desaturase polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO:57 wherein at least 162 codons have been optimized for expression in Yarrowia.

In contrast, multiple genes encoding the PUFA biosynthetic pathway may be used in combination, such that a series of reactions occur to produce a desired PUFA. For example, expression cassette(s) encoding delta-9 elongase, delta-8 desaturase, delta-5 desaturase and delta-17 desaturase activity would enable a host cell that naturally produces LA, to instead produce ARA (such that LA is converted to EDA by delta-9 elongase; EDA may then be converted to DGLA by a delta-8 desaturase; DGLA is then converted to ARA by a delta-5 desaturase). In a related manner, expression of the delta-8 desaturase of the invention enables the direct/indirect production of ETA, EPA, DPA and/or DHA as down-stream PUFAs, if subsequent desaturase and elongation reactions are catalyzed. In a preferred embodiment, wherein the host cell is an oleaginous yeast, expression cassettes encoding each of the enzymes necessary for PUFA biosynthesis will need to be introduced into the organism, since naturally produced PUFAs in these organisms are limited to 18:2 fatty acids (i.e., LA), and less commonly, 18:3 fatty acids (i.e., ALA). Alternatively, substrate feeding may be required.

Vectors or DNA cassettes useful for the transformation of suitable microbial host cells are well known in the art. The specific choice of sequences present in the construct is dependent upon the desired expression products (supra), the nature of the host cell and the proposed means of separating transformed cells versus non-transformed cells. Typically, however, the vector or cassette contains sequences directing transcription and translation of the relevant gene(s), a selectable marker and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration. Suitable vectors comprise a region 5′ of the gene that controls transcriptional initiation (e.g., a promoter) and a region 3′ of the DNA fragment that controls transcriptional termination (i.e., a terminator). It is most preferred when both control regions are derived from genes from the transformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such control regions need not be derived from the genes native to the specific species chosen as a production host.

Initiation control regions or promoters which are useful to drive expression of desaturase and/or elongase ORFs in the desired microbial host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually any promoter capable of directing expression of these genes in the selected host cell is suitable for the present invention. Expression in a microbial host cell can be accomplished in a transient or stable fashion. Transient expression can be accomplished by inducing the activity of a regulatable promoter operably linked to the gene of interest, alternatively, stable expression can be achieved by the use of a constitutive promoter operably linked to the gene of interest. As an example, when the host cell is yeast, transcriptional and translational regions functional in yeast cells are provided, particularly from the host species. The transcriptional initiation regulatory regions can be obtained, for example, from (1) genes in the glycolytic pathway, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (PCT Publication No. WO 2005/003310), phosphoglycerate mutase (PCT Publication No. WO 2005/003310), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (PCT Publication No. WO 2005/049805), phosphoglucose-isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (PCT Publication No. WO 2006/031937), etc.; or (2) regulatable genes such as acid phosphatase, lactase, metallothionein, glucoamylase, the translation elongation factor EF1-α (TEF) protein (U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,185), ribosomal protein S7 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,185), ammonium transporter proteins (U.S. application Ser. No. 11/185,301), export proteins, etc. Any one of a number of regulatory sequences can be used, depending upon whether constitutive or induced transcription is desired, the efficiency of the promoter in expressing the ORF of interest, the ease of construction and the like.

Nucleotide sequences surrounding the translational initiation codon ‘ATG’ have been found to affect expression in yeast cells. If the desired polypeptide is poorly expressed in yeast, the nucleotide sequences of exogenous genes can be modified to include an efficient yeast translation initiation sequence to obtain optimal gene expression. For expression in yeast, this can be done by site-directed mutagenesis of an inefficiently expressed gene by fusing it in-frame to an endogenous yeast gene, preferably a highly expressed gene. Alternatively, as demonstrated in the invention herein in Yarrowia lipolytica, one can determine the consensus translation initiation sequence in the host and engineer this sequence into heterologous genes for their optimal expression in the host of interest.

The termination region can be derived from the 3′ region of the gene from which the initiation region was obtained or from a different gene. A large number of termination regions are known and function satisfactorily in a variety of hosts (when utilized both in the same and different genera and species from where they were derived). The termination region usually is selected more as a matter of convenience rather than because of any particular property. Preferably, the termination region is derived from a yeast gene, particularly Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Candida, Yarrowia or Kluyveromyces. The 3′-regions of mammalian genes encoding γ-interferon and α-2 interferon are also known to function in yeast. Termination control regions may also be derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may be unnecessary; however, it is most preferred if included.

As one of skill in the art is aware, merely inserting a gene into a cloning vector does not ensure that it will be successfully expressed at the level needed. In response to the need for a high expression rate, many specialized expression vectors have been created by manipulating a number of different genetic elements that control aspects of transcription, translation, protein stability, oxygen limitation and secretion from the host cell. More specifically, some of the molecular features that have been manipulated to control gene expression include: (1) the nature of the relevant transcriptional promoter and terminator sequences; (2) the number of copies of the cloned gene and whether the gene is plasmid-borne or integrated into the genome of the host cell; (3) the final cellular location of the synthesized foreign protein; (4) the efficiency of translation in the host organism and correct folding of the protein in the host organism; (5) the intrinsic stability of the mRNA and protein of the cloned gene within the host cell; and, (6) the codon usage within the cloned gene, such that its frequency approaches the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell. Each of these types of modifications are encompassed in the present invention, as means to further optimize expression of the PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes.

Once the DNA encoding a desaturase or elongase polypeptide suitable for expression in an oleaginous yeast has been obtained, it is placed in a plasmid vector capable of autonomous replication in a host cell; or, it is directly integrated into the genome of the host cell. Integration of expression cassettes can occur randomly within the host genome or can be targeted through the use of constructs containing regions of homology with the host genome sufficient to target recombination within the host locus. Where constructs are targeted to an endogenous locus, all or some of the transcriptional and translational regulatory regions can be provided by the endogenous locus.

A method of expressing genes in Yarrowia lipolytica is by integration of linear DNA into the genome of the host; and, integration into multiple locations within the genome can be particularly useful when high level expression of genes are desired. Toward this end, it is desirable to identify a sequence within the genome that is present in multiple copies.

Schmid-Berger et al. (J. Bact. 176(9):2477-2482 (1994)) discovered the first retrotransposon-like element Ylt1 in Yarrowia lipolytica. This retrotransposon is characterized by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs; each approximately 700 bp in length) called zeta regions. Ylt1 and solo zeta elements were present in a dispersed manner within the genome in at least 35 copies/genome and 50-60 copies/genome, respectively; both elements were determined to function as sites of homologous recombination. Further, work by Juretzek et al. (Yeast 18:97-113 (2001)) demonstrated that gene expression could be dramatically increased by targeting plasmids into the repetitive regions of the yeast genome (using linear DNA with LTR zeta regions at both ends), as compared to the expression obtained using low-copy plasmid transformants. Thus, zeta-directed integration can be ideal as a means to ensure multiple integration of plasmid DNA into Yarrowia lipolytica, thereby permitting high-level gene expression. Unfortunately, however, not all strains of Yarrowia lipolytica possess zeta regions (e.g., the strain identified as ATCC Accession No. 20362). When the strain lacks such regions, it is also possible to integrate plasmid DNA comprising expression cassettes into alternate loci to reach the desired copy number for the expression cassette. For example, preferred alternate loci include: the Ura3 locus (GenBank Accession No. AJ306421), the Leu2 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. AF260230), the Lys5 gene (GenBank Accession No. M34929), the Aco2 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. AJ001300), the Pox3 gene locus (Pox3: GenBank Accession No. XP_(—)503244; or, Aco3: GenBank Accession No. AJ001301), the delta-12 desaturase gene locus, the Lip1 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. Z50020) and/or the Lip2 gene locus (GenBank Accession No. AJ012632).

Advantageously, the Ura3 gene can be used repeatedly in combination with 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-fluorouracil-6-carboxylic acid monohydrate; “5-FOA”) selection (infra), to readily permit genetic modifications to be integrated into the Yarrowia genome in a facile manner.

Where two or more genes are expressed from separate replicating vectors, it is desirable that each vector has a different means of selection and should lack homology to the other constructs to maintain stable expression and prevent reassortment of elements among constructs. Judicious choice of regulatory regions, selection means and method of propagation of the introduced construct can be experimentally determined so that all introduced genes are expressed at the necessary levels to provide for synthesis of the desired products.

Constructs comprising the gene of interest may be introduced into a host cell by any standard technique. These techniques include transformation (e.g., lithium acetate transformation [Methods in Enzymology, 194:186-187 (1991)]), protoplast fusion, bolistic impact, electroporation, microinjection, or any other method that introduces the gene of interest into the host cell. More specific teachings applicable for oleaginous yeasts (i.e., Yarrowia lipolytica) include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,741 and 5,071,764 and Chen, D. C. et al. (Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 48(2):232-235 (1997)).

For convenience, a host cell that has been manipulated by any method to take up a DNA sequence (e.g., an expression cassette) will be referred to as “transformed” or “recombinant” herein. The transformed host will have at least one copy of the expression construct and may have two or more, depending upon whether the gene is integrated into the genome, amplified or is present on an extrachromosomal element having multiple copy numbers.

The transformed host cell can be identified by various selection techniques, as described in PCT Publication No. WO 04/101757. Preferred selection methods for use herein are resistance to kanamycin, hygromycin and the amino glycoside G418, as well as ability to grow on media lacking uracil, leucine, lysine, tryptophan or histidine, In alternate embodiments, 5-FOA is used for selection of yeast Ura-mutants. The compound is toxic to yeast cells that possess a functioning URA3 gene encoding orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMP decarboxylase); thus, based on this toxicity, 5-FOA is especially useful for the selection and identification of Ura-mutant yeast strains (Bartel, P. L. and Fields, S., Yeast 2-Hybrid System, Oxford University: New York, v. 7, pp 109-147,1997). More specifically, one can first knockout the native Ura3 gene to produce a strain having a Ura-phenotype, wherein selection occurs based on 5-FOA resistance. Then, a cluster of multiple chimeric genes and a new Ura3 gene could be integrated into a different locus of the Yarrowia genome to thereby produce a new strain having a Ura+phenotype. Subsequent integration would produce a new Ura3-strain (again identified using 5-FOA selection), when the introduced Ura3 gene is knocked out. Thus, the Ura3 gene (in combination with 5-FOA selection) can be used as a selection marker in multiple rounds of transformation.

Following transformation, substrates suitable for the recombinantly expressed desaturases and/or elongases (and optionally other PUFA enzymes that are expressed within the host cell) may be produced by the host either naturally or transgenically, or they may be provided exogenously.

Methods for manipulating biochemical pathways are well known to those skilled in the art; and, it is expected that numerous manipulations will be possible to maximize omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous yeasts, and particularly, in Yarrowia lipolytica. This may require metabolic engineering directly within the PUFA biosynthetic pathway or additional manipulation of pathways that contribute carbon to the PUFA biosynthetic pathway.

In the case of manipulations within the PUFA biosynthetic pathway, it may be desirable to increase the production of LA to enable increased production of omega-6 and/or omega-3 fatty acids. Introducing and/or amplifying genes encoding delta-9 and/or delta-12 desaturases may accomplish this.

To maximize production of omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids, it is well known to one skilled in the art that production is favored in a host microorganism that is substantially free of ALA. Thus, preferably, the host is selected or obtained by removing or inhibiting delta-15 or omega-3 type desaturase activity that permits conversion of LA to ALA. The endogenous desaturase activity can be reduced or eliminated by, for example, (1) providing a cassette for transcription of antisense sequences to the delta-15 desaturase transcription product, (2) disrupting the delta-15 desaturase gene through insertion, substitution and/or deletion of all or part of the target gene; or (3) using a host cell which naturally has [or has been mutated to have] low or no delta-15 desaturase activity. Inhibition of undesired desaturase pathways can also be accomplished through the use of specific desaturase inhibitors such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,630.

Alternatively, it may be desirable to maximize production of omega-3 fatty acids (and minimize synthesis of omega-6 fatty acids). Thus, one could utilize a host microorganism wherein the delta-12 desaturase activity that permits conversion of oleic acid to LA is removed or inhibited, using any of the means described above (see also e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 2004/104167, herein incorporated entirely by reference). Subsequently, appropriate expression cassettes would be introduced into the host, along with appropriate substrates (e.g., ALA) for conversion to omega-3 fatty acid derivatives of ALA (e.g., STA, ETrA, ETA, EPA, DPA, DHA).

Beyond the immediate PUFA biosynthetic pathway, it is expected that manipulation of several other enzymatic pathways leading to the biosynthesis of precursor fatty acids may contribute to the overall net biosynthesis of specific PUFAs. Identification and manipulation of these related pathways will be useful in the future.

Additional copies of desaturase and elongase genes may be introduced into the host to increase the output of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. Expression of the desaturase or elongase genes also can be increased at the transcriptional level through the use of a stronger promoter (either regulated or constitutive) to cause increased expression, by removing/deleting destabilizing sequences from either the mRNA or the encoded protein, or by adding stabilizing sequences to the mRNA (U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,141). Yet another approach to increase expression of the desaturase or elongase genes, as demonstrated in the instant invention, is to increase the translational efficiency of the encoded mRNAs by replacement of codons in the native gene with those for optimal gene expression in the selected host microorganism.

Conversely, biochemical pathways competing with the omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathways for energy or carbon, or native PUFA biosynthetic pathway enzymes that interfere with production of a particular PUFA end-product, may be eliminated by gene disruption or down-regulated by other means (e.g., antisense mRNA). For gene disruption, a foreign DNA fragment (typically a selectable marker gene) is inserted into the structural gene to be disrupted in order to interrupt its coding sequence and thereby functionally inactivate the gene. Transformation of the disruption cassette into the host cell results in replacement of the functional native gene by homologous recombination with the non-functional disrupted gene (see, for example: Hamilton et al. J. Bacteriol. 171:4617-4622 (1989); Balbas et al. Gene 136:211-213 (1993); Gueldener et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:2519-2524 (1996); and Smith et al. Methods Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:270-277 (1996)).

Antisense technology is another method of down-regulating genes when the sequence of the target gene is known. To accomplish this, a nucleic acid segment from the desired gene is cloned and operably linked to a promoter such that the anti-sense strand of RNA will be transcribed. This construct is then introduced into the host cell and the antisense strand of RNA is produced. Antisense RNA inhibits gene expression by preventing the accumulation of mRNA that encodes the protein of interest. The person skilled in the art will know that special considerations are associated with the use of antisense technologies in order to reduce expression of particular genes. For example, the proper level of expression of antisense genes may require the use of different chimeric genes utilizing different regulatory elements known to the skilled artisan.

Although targeted gene disruption and antisense technology offer effective means of down-regulating genes where the sequence is known, other less specific methodologies have been developed that are not sequence-based (e.g., mutagenesis via UV radiation/chemical agents or use of transposable elements/transposons; see PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757).

Within the context of the present invention, it may be useful to modulate the expression of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway by any one of the methods described above. For example, the present invention provides methods whereby genes encoding key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways are introduced into oleaginous yeasts for the production of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids. It will be particularly useful to express these genes in oleaginous yeasts that do not naturally possess omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acid biosynthetic pathways and coordinate the expression of these genes, to maximize production of preferred PUFA products using various means for metabolic engineering of the host organism.

Microbial host cells for production of omega fatty acids may include microbial hosts that grow on a variety of feedstocks, including simple or complex carbohydrates, fatty acids, organic acids, oils and alcohols, and/or hydrocarbons over a wide range of temperature and pH values.

Preferred microbial hosts, however, are oleaginous yeasts. These organisms are naturally capable of oil synthesis and accumulation, wherein the oil can comprise greater than about 25% of the cellular dry weight, more preferably greater than about 30% of the cellular dry weight, and most preferably greater than about 40% of the cellular dry weight. Genera typically identified as oleaginous yeast include, but are not limited to: Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces. More specifically, illustrative oil-synthesizing yeasts include: Rhodosporidium toruloides, Lipomyces starkeyii, L. lipoferus, Candida revkaufi, C. pulcherrima, C. tropicalis, C. utilis, Trichosporon pullans, T. cutaneum, Rhodotorula glutinus, R. graminis and Yarrowia lipolytica (formerly classified as Candida lipolytica).

Most preferred is the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica; and, in a further embodiment, most preferred are the Yarrowia lipolytica strains designated as ATCC Accession Nos. 20362, 8862,18944, 76982 and/or LGAM S(7)1 (Papanikolaou, S., and Aggelis, G., Bioresour. Technol. 82(1):43-9 (2002)).

The transformed microbial host cell is grown under conditions that optimize desaturase and elongase activities and produce the greatest and the most economical yield of the preferred PUFAs. In general, media conditions that may be optimized include the type and amount of carbon source, the type and amount of nitrogen source, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, the amount of different mineral ions, the oxygen level, growth temperature, pH, length of the biomass production phase, length of the oil accumulation phase and the time and method of cell harvest. Microorganisms of interest, such as oleaginous yeast, are grown in complex media (e.g., yeast extract-peptone-dextrose broth (YPD)) or a defined minimal media that lacks a component necessary for growth and thereby forces selection of the desired expression cassettes (e.g., yeast nitrogen base (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.)).

Fermentation media in the present invention must contain a suitable carbon source. Suitable carbon sources are taught in WO 2004/101757. Although it is contemplated that the source of carbon utilized in the present invention may encompass a wide variety of carbon-containing sources, preferred carbon sources are sugars, glycerol, and/or fatty acids. Most preferred is glucose and/or fatty acids containing between 10-22 carbons.

Nitrogen may be supplied from an inorganic (e.g., (NH₄)₂SO₄) or organic (e.g., urea or glutamate) source. In addition to appropriate carbon and nitrogen sources, the fermentation media must also contain suitable minerals, salts, cofactors, buffers, vitamins and other components known to those skilled in the art suitable for the growth of the microorganism and promotion of the enzymatic pathways necessary for PUFA production. Particular attention is given to several metal ions (e.g., Fe⁺², Cu⁺², Mn⁺², Co⁺², Zn⁺², Mg⁺²) that promote synthesis of lipids and PUFAs (Nakahara, T. et al., Ind. Appl. Single Cell Oils, D. J. Kyle and R. Colin, eds. pp 61-97 (1992)).

Preferred growth media in the present invention are common commercially prepared media, such as yeast nitrogen base (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.). Other defined or synthetic growth media may also be used and the appropriate medium for growth of the particular microorganism will be known by one skilled in the art of microbiology or fermentation science. A suitable pH range for the fermentation is typically between about pH 4.0 to pH 8.0, wherein pH 5.5 to pH 7.5 is preferred as the range for the initial growth conditions. The fermentation may be conducted under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, wherein microaerobic conditions are preferred.

Typically, accumulation of high levels of PUFAs in oleaginous yeast cells requires a two-stage process, since the metabolic state must be “balanced” between growth and synthesis/storage of fats. Thus, most preferably, a two-stage fermentation process is necessary for the production of PUFAs in oleaginous yeast. This approach is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757, as are various suitable fermentation process designs (i.e., batch, fed-batch and continuous) and considerations during growth.

The PUFAs may be found in the host microorganism as free fatty acids or in esterified forms such as acylglycerols, phospholipids, sulfolipids or glycolipids, and may be extracted from the host cell through a variety of means well-known in the art. One review of extraction techniques, quality analysis and acceptability standards for yeast lipids is that of Z. Jacobs (Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 12(5/6):463-491 (1992)). A brief review of downstream processing is also available by A. Singh and O. Ward (Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 45:271-312 (1997)).

In general, means for the purification of PUFAs may include extraction with organic solvents, sonication, supercritical fluid extraction (e.g., using carbon dioxide), saponification and physical means such as presses, or combinations thereof. One is referred to the teachings of PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101757 for additional details.

The market place currently supports a large variety of food and feed products, incorporating omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids (particularly ARA, EPA and DHA). It is contemplated that the plant oils of the invention and the yeast oils of the invention comprising long-chain PUFAs will function in food and feed products to impart the health benefits of current formulations. More specifically, oils of the invention containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids will be suitable for use in a variety of food and feed products including, but not limited to food analogs, meat products, cereal products, baked foods, snack foods and dairy products.

Additionally the present oils may be used in formulations to impart health benefit in medical foods including medical nutritionals, dietary supplements, infant formula as well as pharmaceutical products. One of skill in the art of food processing and food formulation will understand how the amount and composition of the present oils may be added to the food or feed product. Such an amount will be referred to herein as an “effective” amount and will depend on the food or feed product, the diet that the product is intended to supplement or the medical condition that the medical food or medical nutritional is intended to correct or treat.

A “food analog” is a food-like product manufactured to resemble its food counterpart, whether meat, cheese, milk or the like, and is intended to have the appearance, taste, and texture of its counterpart. Thus, the term “food” as used herein also encompasses food analogs. Food analogs can be made use processes well known to those skilled in the art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,355,296 B1 and 6,187,367 B1 describe emulsified meat analogs and emulsified meat extenders. U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,050 B1 describes soy protein curd useful for cooked food analogs (also can be used as a process to form a curd useful to make food analogs). U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,656 to Hwa describes a soy protein curd useful for food analogs. U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,485 to Hibbert et al. describes a meat-like protein food formed from spun vegetable protein fibers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,564 to Puski et al. describes a process of making a soy based meat substitute and U.S. Pat. No. 3,925,566 to Reinhart et al. describes a simulated meat product. For example, soy protein that has been processed to impart a structure, chunk or fiber for use as a food ingredient is called “textured soy protein” (TSP). TSPs are frequently made to resemble meat, seafood, or poultry in structure and appearance when hydrated.

Food analogs can be classified as imitation or substitutes depending on their functional and compositional characteristics. For example, an imitation cheese need only resemble the cheese it is designed to replace. However, a product can generally be called a substitute cheese only if it is nutritionally equivalent to the cheese it is replacing and meets the minimum compositional requirements for that cheese. Thus, substitute cheese will often have higher protein levels than imitation cheeses and be fortified with vitamins and minerals.

Milk analogs or nondairy food products include, but are not limited to, imitation milks and nondairy frozen desserts (e.g., those made from soybeans and/or soy protein products).

Meat products encompass a broad variety of products. In the United States “meat” includes “red meats” produced from cattle, hogs and sheep. In addition to the red meats there are poultry items which include chickens, turkeys, geese, guineas, ducks and the fish and shellfish. There is a wide assortment of seasoned and processed meat products: fresh, cured and fried, and cured and cooked. Sausages and hot dogs are examples of processed meat products. Thus, the term “meat products” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, processed meat products.

A cereal food product is a food product derived from the processing of a cereal grain. A cereal grain includes any plant from the grass family that yields an edible grain (seed). The most popular grains are barley, corn, millet, oats, quinoa, rice, rye, sorghum, triticale, wheat and wild rice. Examples of a cereal food product include, but are not limited to: whole grain, crushed grain, grits, flour, bran, germ, breakfast cereals, extruded foods, pastas, and the like.

A baked goods product comprises any of the cereal food products mentioned above and has been baked or processed in a manner comparable to baking (i.e., to dry or harden by subjecting to heat). Examples of a baked good product include, but are not limited to: bread, cakes, doughnuts, bars, pastas, bread crumbs, baked snacks, mini-biscuits, mini-crackers, mini-cookies, and mini-pretzels. As was mentioned above, oils of the invention can be used as an ingredient.

A snack food product comprises any of the above or below described food products.

A fried food product comprises any of the above or below described food products that has been fried.

The beverage can be in a liquid or in a dry powdered form.

For example, there can be mentioned non-carbonated drinks such as fruit juices, fresh, frozen, canned or concentrate; flavored or plain milk drinks, etc. Adult and infant nutritional formulas are well known in the art and commercially available (e.g., Similac®, Ensure®, Jevity®, and Alimentum® from Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories).

Infant formulas are liquids or reconstituted powders fed to infants and young children. “Infant formula” is defined herein as an enteral nutritional product which can be substituted for human breast milk in feeding infants and typically is composed of a desired percentage of fat mixed with desired percentages of carbohydrates and proteins in an aquous solution (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,285). Based on the worldwide composition studies, as well as levels specified by expert groups, average human breast milk typically contains about 0.20% to 0.40% of total fatty acids (assuming about 50% of calories from fat); and, generally the ratio of DHA to ARA would range from about 1:1 to 1:2 (see, e.g., formulations of Enfamil LIPIL™ (Mead Johnson & Company) and Similac Advance™ (Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories)). Infant formulas have a special role to play in the diets of infants because they are often the only source of nutrients for infants; and, although breast-feeding is still the best nourishment for infants, infant formula is a close enough second that babies not only survive but thrive.

A dairy product is a product derived from milk. A milk analog or nondairy product is derived from a source other than milk, for example, soymilk as was discussed above. These products include, but are not limited to: whole milk, skim milk, fermented milk products such as yogurt or sour milk, cream, butter, condensed milk, dehydrated milk, coffee whitener, coffee creamer, ice cream, cheese, etc.

Additional food products into which the long-chain PUFA-containing oils of the invention could be included are, for example, chewing gums, confections and frostings, gelatins and puddings, hard and soft candies, jams and jellies, white granulated sugar, sugar substitutes, sweet sauces, toppings and syrups, and dry-blended powder mixes.

A health food product is any food product that imparts a health benefit and include functional foods, medical foods, medical nutritionals and dietary supplements. Additionally, the oils of the invention may be used in standard pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., the long-chain PUFA containing oils could readily be incorporated into the any of the above mentioned food products, to thereby produce a functional or medical food). For example, more concentrated formulations comprising ARA, EPA or DHA include capsules, powders, tablets, softgels, gelcaps, liquid concentrates and emulsions which can be used as a dietary supplement in humans or animals other than humans.

Animal feeds are generically defined herein as products intended for use as feed or for mixing in feed for animals other than humans. The long-chain PUFA containing oils of the invention can be used as an ingredient in various animal feeds.

More specifically, although not limited therein, it is expected that the oils of the invention can be used within pet food products, ruminant and poultry food products and aquacultural food products. Pet food products are those products intended to be fed to a pet (e.g., dog, cat, bird, reptile, rodent). These products can include the cereal and health food products above, as well as meat and meat byproducts, soy protein products, grass and hay products (e.g., alfalfa, timothy, oat or brome grass, vegetables). Ruminant and poultry food products are those wherein the product is intended to be fed to an animal (e.g., turkeys, chickens, cattle, swine). As with the pet foods above, these products can include cereal and health food products, soy protein products, meat and meat byproducts, and grass and hay products as listed above. Aquacultural food products (or “aquafeeds”) are those products intended to be used in aquafarming which concerns the propagation, cultivation or farming of aquatic organisms and/or animals in fresh or marine waters.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, in which parts and percentages are by weight and degrees are Celsius, unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: “sec” means second(s), “min” means minute(s), “h” means hour(s), “d” means day(s), “μl” means microliter(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “μM” means micromolar, “mM” means millimolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” means millimole(s), “μmole” mean micromole(s), “g” means gram(s), “μg” means microgram(s), “ng” means nanogram(s), “U” means unit(s), “bp” means base pair(s) and “kB” means kilobase(s).

Transformation and Cultivation of Yarrowia lipolytica:

Yarrowia lipolytica strains with ATCC Accession Nos. 20362, 76982 and 90812 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.). Yarrowia lipolytica strains were typically grown at 28° C. on YPD agar (1% yeast extract, 2% bactopeptone, 2% glucose, 2% agar).

Transformation of Yarrowia lipolytica was performed according to the method of Chen, D. C. et al. (Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 48(2):232-235 (1997)), unless otherwise noted. Briefly, Yarrowia was streaked onto a YPD plate and grown at 30° C. for approximately 18 h. Several large loopfuls of cells were scraped from the plate and resuspended in 1 mL of transformation buffer containing: 2.25 mL of 50% PEG, average MW 3350; 0.125 mL of 2 M Li acetate, pH 6.0; 0.125 mL of 2 M DTT; and 50 μg sheared salmon sperm DNA. Then, approximately 500 ng of linearized plasmid DNA was incubated in 100 μL of resuspended cells, and maintained at 39° C. for 1 h with vortex mixing at 15 min intervals. The cells were plated onto selection media plates and maintained at 30° C. for 2 to 3 days.

For selection of transformants, minimal medium (“MM”) was generally used; the composition of MM is as follows: 0.17% yeast nitrogen base (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) without ammonium sulfate or amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.1% proline, pH 6.1). Supplements of uracil were added as appropriate to a final concentration of 0.01% (thereby producing “MMU” selection media, prepared with 20 g/L agar).

Alternatively, transformants were selected on 5-fluoroorotic acid (“FOA”; also 5-fluorouracil-6-carboxylic acid monohydrate) selection media, comprising: 0.17% yeast nitrogen base (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) without ammonium sulfate or amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.1% proline, 75 mg/L uracil, 75 mg/L uridine, 900 mg/L FOA (Zymo Research Corp., Orange, Calif.) and 20 g/L agar.

Fatty Acid Analysis of Yarrowia lipolytica:

For fatty acid analysis, cells were collected by centrifugation and lipids were extracted as described in Bligh, E. G. & Dyer, W. J. (Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:911-917 (1959)). Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by transesterification of the lipid extract with sodium methoxide (Roughan, G. and Nishida, I., Arch Biochem Biophys. 276(1):38-46 (1990)) and subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC fitted with a 30 m×0.25 mm (i.d.) HP-INNOWAX (Hewlett-Packard) column. The oven temperature was from 170° C. (25 min hold) to 185° C. at 3.5° C./min.

For direct base transesterification, Yarrowia culture (3 mL) was harvested, washed once in distilled water, and dried under vacuum in a Speed-Vac for 5-10 min. Sodium methoxide (100 μL of 1%) was added to the sample, and then the sample was vortexed and rocked for 20 min. After adding 3 drops of 1 M NaCl and 400 μL hexane, the sample was vortexed and spun. The upper layer was removed and analyzed by GC as described above.

Example 1 Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459) cDNA Synthesis. Library Construction and Sequencing

A cDNA library of Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459) was synthesized as described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467 ((published Aug. 26, 2004). Briefly, frozen pellets of Pav459 were obtained from Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton (CCMP, West Boothbay Harbor, Me.). These pellets were crushed in liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted from Pav459 by using the Qiagen RNeasy® Maxi Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), per manufacturers instructions. From this total RNA, mRNA was isolated using oligo dT cellulose resin, which was then used for the construction of a cDNA library using the pSport1 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The cDNA thus produced was directionally cloned (5′ Sall/3′ Notl) into pSport1 vector. The Pav459 library contained approximately 6.1×10⁵ clones per mL, each with an average insert size of approximately 1200 bp. The Pavlova lutheri library was named eps1c.

For sequencing, clones first were recovered from archived glycerol cultures grown/frozen in 384-well freezing media plates, and inoculated with an automatic QPix® colony picker (Genetix) in 96-well deep-well plates containing LB+100 mg/mL ampicillin. After growing 20 hours at 37° C., cells were pelleted by centrifugation and stored at −20° C. Plasmids then were isolated on an Eppendorf 5Prime robot, using a modified 96-well format alkaline lysis miniprep method (Eppendorf PerfectPrep®). Briefly, a filter and vacuum manifold was used to facilitate removal of cellular debris after acetate precipitation. Plasmid DNA was then bound on a second filter plate directly from the filtrate, washed, dried and eluted.

Plasmids were end-sequenced in 384-well plates, using vector-primed T7 primer (SEQ ID NO:1) and the ABI BigDye version 3 Prism sequencing kit. For the sequencing reaction, 100-200 ng of template and 6.4 pmol. of primer were used, and the following reaction conditions were repeated 25 times: 96° C. for 10 sec, 50° C. for 5 sec and 60° C. for 4 min. After ethanol-based cleanup, cycle sequencing reaction products were resolved and detected on Perkin-Elmer ABI 3700 automated sequencers.

Example 2 Identification of Delta-8 Desaturase Enzyme Homologs from Pavlova lutheri cDNA Library eps1c

cDNA clones encoding Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase homologs (hereby called delta-8 desaturases) were identified by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1993)) searches for similarity to sequences contained in the BLAST “nr” database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the last major release of the SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, EMBL, and DDBJ databases). The cDNA sequences obtained in Example 1 were analyzed for similarity to all publicly available DNA sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTN algorithm provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The DNA sequences were translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTX algorithm (Gish and States, Nat. Genet. 3:266-272 (1993)) provided by the NCBI. For convenience, the P-value (probability) of observing a match of a cDNA sequence to a sequence contained in the searched databases merely by chance as calculated by BLAST are reported herein as “pLog” values, which represent the negative of the logarithm of the reported P-value. Accordingly, the greater the pLog value, the greater the likelihood that the cDNA sequence and the BLAST “hit” represent homologous proteins.

The BLASTX search using the nucleotide sequence from clone eps1c.pk002.f22 revealed similarity of the protein encoded by the cDNA to the delta-6 desaturase from Rhizopus stolonifer (SEQ ID NO:2) (NCBI Accession No. AAX22052 (GI 60499699), locus AAX22052, CDS AY795076; Lu et al., unpublished). The sequence of a portion of the cDNA insert from clone eps1c.pk002.f22 is shown in SEQ ID NO:3 (5′ end of cDNA insert). Subsequently, the full insert sequence (eps1c.pk002.f22:fis) was obtained and is shown in SEQ ID NO:4. Sequence for the deduced amino acid sequence (from nucleotide 1 of SEQ ID NO:4 to the first stop codon at nucleotide 864 of SEQ ID NO:4) is shown in SEQ ID NO:5. Full insert sequencing was carried out using a modified transposition protocol. Clones identified for FIS were recovered from archived glycerol stocks as single colonies, and plasmid DNA was isolated via alkaline lysis. Plasmid templates were transposed via the Template Generation System (TGS II) transposition kit (Finnzymes Oy, Espoo, Finland), following the manufacturer's protocol. The transposed DNA was transformed into EH10B electro-competent cells (Edge BioSystems, Gaithersburg, Md.) via electroporation. Multiple transformants were randomly selected from each transposition reaction, plasmid DNA was prepared, and templates were sequenced as above (ABI BigDye v3.1) outward from the transposition event site, utilizing unique primers SeqE (SEQ ID NO:6) and SeqW (SEQ ID NO:7).

Sequence data was collected (ABI Prism Collections software) and assembled using the Phrap sequence assembly program (P. Green, University of Washington, Seattle). Assemblies are viewed by the Consed sequence editor (D. Gordon, University of Washington, Seattle) for final editing.

The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 was evaluated by BLASTP, yielding a pLog value of 19.52 (E value of 3e-20) versus the delta-6 desaturase from Mortierella alpina (SEQ ID NO:8) (NCBI Accession No. BAC82361 (GI 34221934), locus BAC82361, CDS AB070557; Sakuradani and Shimizu, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67:704-711 (2003)). Based on the results from the BLASTP comparison to the Mortierella alpina and other fatty acid desaturases, the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase was not full length and was lacking sequence at the 5′ end.

Example 3 Cloning a Full-length Delta-8 Desaturase from Pavlova lutheri Genomic DNA

Genomic DNA was isolated from Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459) using the Qiagen DNeasy® Plant Maxi Prep Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. Using 1 maxi column per 1 gm of frozen cell pellet, a total of 122 μg of genomic DNA was isolated from 4 gm of Pavlova lutheri culture. The final concentration of genomic DNA was 22.8 ng/μL. GenomeWalker libraries were synthesized using the Universal GenomeWalker™ kit (BD Biosciences Clonetech, Palo Alto, Calif.) following the manufacturer's protocol (Prot # PT3042-1, version PRO3300). Briefly, four restriction digests were set up as per the protocol using 300 ng of genomic DNA per reaction. After phenol clean up, pellets were dissolved in 4 μL of water and adapters were ligated as per the protocol.

For the primary PCR, the Advantage®-GC Genomic PCR kit (BD Biosciences Clonetech) was used following the manufacturer's protocol (Prot # PT3090-1, version # PR1X433). For each restriction digest, 1 μL of library was combined with 22.8 μL of PCR grade water, 10 μL of 5×GC Genomic PCR Reaction Buffer, 2.2 μL of 25 mM Mg(CH₃CO₂)₂, 10 μL of GC-Melt (5 M), 1 μL of 50×dNTP mix (10 mM each), 1 μL of Advantage-GC Genomic Pol. Mix (50×), 1 μL of Universal GenomeWalker™ primer AP1 (10 μM, SEQ ID NO:9) and 1 μL of GSP PvDES (10 μM, SEQ ID NO: 10). After denaturation at 95° C., the following reaction conditions were repeated 35 times: 94° C. for 30 sec, 68° C. for 6 min. After these reaction conditions, an additional extension at 68° C. was carried out for 6 min followed by cooling to 15° C. until removed.

The primary PCR reaction for each library was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA bands with molecular weights around 6 kb, 3.5 kb, 2.5 kb and 1.2 kb were observed. DNA bands for each library were purified using the Zymoclean™ Gel DNA Recovery Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.) following the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting DNA was cloned into the pGEM®-T Easy Vector (Promega) following the manufacturer's protocol and inserts were sequenced using the T7 (SEQ ID NO:1) and M13-28Rev (SEQ ID NO:11) primers as described above. Additional sequence was then obtained using a gene-specific sequencing primer PvDES seq (SEQ ID NO:12) that was derived from the newly acquired sequence data. The full 5′ end sequence obtained by genome walking is shown in SEQ ID NO:13. The sequence of the overlapping regions of the genomic sequence (SEQ ID NO:13) and the fully sequenced EST eps1c.pk002.f22:fis (SEQ ID NO:4) were aligned using Sequencher™ (Version 4.2, Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich.) using the Large Gap assembly algorithm. Interestingly, the comparison showed that the EST that was originally sequenced (SEQ ID NO:4) was lacking 459 bp when compared to the genomic sequence (SEQ ID NO:13). This missing sequence in the EST appeared to be a deletion rather than an intron as no clear intron splice sites were identified in the genomic DNA at the 5′ end of the gene. The genomic sequence for the 5′ end (SEQ ID NO:13) was combined with the 3′ end of the EST sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) to give SEQ ID NO:14. Using EditSeq™ 6.1 sequence analysis software (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.), an ORF was identified (SEQ ID NO:15). The amino acid sequence coded for by SEQ ID NO:15 is shown in SEQ ID NO:16.

The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 was evaluated by BLASTP, yielding a pLog value of 35.10 (E value of 8e-36) versus the delta-6 desaturase from Rhizopus stolonifer (SEQ ID NO:17) (NCBI Accession No. ABB96724 (GI 83027409), locus ABB96724, CDS DQ291156; Zhang et al., unpublished). Furthermore, the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase is 78.0% identical to the Pavlova salina delta-8 desaturase sequence (SEQ ID NO:76) disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/103253 (published Apr. 22, 2005) using the Jotun Hein method. Sequence percent identity calculations performed by the Jotun Hein method (Hein, J. J., Meth. Enz. 183:626-645 (1990)) were done using the MegAlign™ v6.1 program of the LASARGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.) with the default parameters for pairwise alignment (KTUPLE=2). The Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase is 76.4% identical to the Pavlova salina delta-8 desaturase sequence using the Clustal V method. Sequence percent identity calculations performed by the Clustal V method (Higgins, D. G. and Sharp, P. M., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191 (1992)) were done using the MegAlign™ v6.1 program of the LASARGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.) with the default parameters for pairwise alignment (KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). BLAST scores and probabilities indicate that the instant nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:15) encodes an entire Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show a Clustal V alignment (with default parameters) of SEQ ID NO:16 (the amino acid sequence of the delta-8 desaturase of the instant invention), SEQ ID NO:76 (the amino acid sequence of Pavlova salina delta-8 desaturase sequence disclosed as SEQ ID NO:1 in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/103253; published Apr. 22, 2005), SEQ ID NO:77 (the amino acid sequence of Euglena gracilis delta-8 desaturase sequence disclosed as SEQ ID NO:2 in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325; published Feb. 2, 2006), SEQ ID NO:17 (the amino acid sequence for the Rhizopus stolonifer delta-6 fatty acid desaturase (NCBI Accession No. ABB96724 (GI 83027409), locus ABB96724, CDS DQ291156; Zhang et al., unpublished)) and SEQ ID NO:2 (the amino acid sequence for the Rhizopus stolonifer delta-6 fatty acid desaturase (NCBI Accession No. AAX22052 (GI 60499699), locus AAX22052, CDS AY795076; Lu et al., unpublished)). The results of the Clustal V alignment show that SEQ ID NO:16 is 76.4%, 22.6%, 22.2%, and 22.2% identical to SEQ ID NO:76, SEQ ID NO:77, SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:2, respectively.

Example 4 Cloning the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase from Pavlova lutheri cDNA

Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459) was obtained from CCMP and grown in 250 mL flasks containing 50 mL of F/2-Si medium (made using F/2 Family Medium Kit-KIT20F2 and Filtered Seqwater-SEA2 from CCMP) at 26° C. with shaking at 150 rpm. Cultures were transferred to new medium on a weekly basis using 1:4 (old culture:new medium) dilution.

Cultures from 28 flasks (1400 mL) were combined, cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1,800×g for 10 min, washed once with water and re-centrifuged. Total RNA was extracted from the resulting pellet using the RNA STAT-60™ reagent (TEL-TEST, Inc., Friendswood, Tex.) and following the manufacturer's protocol provided. In this way, 2.6 mg of total RNA (2.6 mg/mL) was obtained from the pellet. The mRNA was isolated from 1.25 mg of total RNA using the mRNA Purification Kit (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N. J.) following the manufacturer's protocol provided. In this way, 112 μg of mRNA was obtained.

cDNA was synthesized from 224 ng of mRNA using the SuperScript™ First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR Kit (Invitrogen™ Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) with the provided oligo(dT) primer according to the manufacturer's protocol. After RNase H treatment as per the protocol, the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase was amplified from the resulting cDNA with oligonucleotide primers PvDES5′Not-1 (SEQ ID NO:18) and PvDES3′Not-1 (SEQ ID NO:19) using the conditions described below.

cDNA (2 μL) from the reaction described above was combined with 50 μmol of PvDES5′Not-1 (SEQ ID NO:18), 50 μmol of PvDES3′Not-1 (SEQ ID NO:19), 1 μL of PCR nucleotide mix (10 mM, Promega, Madison, Wis.), 5 μL of 10×PCR buffer (Invitrogen Corporation), 1.5 μL of MgCl₂ (50 mM, Invitrogen Corporation), 0.5 μL of Taq polymerase (Invitrogen Corporation) and water to 50 μL. The reaction conditions were 94° C. for 3 min followed by 35 cycles of 94° C. for 45 sec, 55° C. for 45 sec and 72° C. for 1 min. The PCR was finished at 72° C. for 7 min and then held at 4° C. The PCR reaction was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis on 5 μL and a DNA band with molecular weight around 1.3 kb was observed. The remaining 45 μL of product was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the DNA purified using the Zymoclean™ Gel DNA Recovery Kit (Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.) following the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting DNA was cloned into the PGEM®-T Easy Vector (Promega) following the manufacturer's protocol. Multiple clones were sequenced using the T7 (SEQ ID NO:1), M13-28Rev (SEQ ID NO:11) and PvDes-2 (SEQ ID NO:20) oligonucleotides. The sequence of the clones tested were identical to that of SEQ ID NO:15 and one of the correct clones (pLF113) was chosen for further expression studies.

Example 5 Cloning the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase into a Yeast Expression Vector

The yeast episomal plasmid (YEp)-type vector pRS425 (Christianson et al., Gene 110:119-122 (1992)) contains sequences from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2μ endogenous plasmid, a LEU2 selectable marker and sequences based on the backbone of a multifunctional phagemid, pBluescript II SK(+). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strong, constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter was cloned between the Sac/I and SpeI sites of pRS425 in the same way as described by Jia et al. (Physiol. Genom. 3:83-92 (2000)) to produce pGPD-425. A NotI site was introduced into the BamHI site of pGPD-425, thus giving a NotI site flanked by BamHI sites, and this plasmid was called pY-75. The Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase was released from pLF113 (from Example 4) by digestion with NotI and cloned into the NotI site of pY75 to produce pY121 (SEQ ID NO:21; FIG. 1).

Example 6 Cloning the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase into a Yarrowia Expression Vector

The Yarrowia GPD promoter was amplified from plasmid pYZDE2-S (SEQ ID NO:74) using oligonucleotides GPDsense (SEQ ID NO:28) and GPDantisense (SEQ ID NO:29). The “Yarrowia GPD” promoter within this chimeric gene refers to the 5′ upstream untranslated region in front of the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon of a protein encoded by the Yarrowia lipolytica glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene and that is necessary for expression (WO 2005/003310). The resulting DNA fragment was digested with SalI/NotI and cloned into the SalI/NotI fragment of pY5-22 (SEQ ID NO:75) thus replacing the TEF promoter and giving pY5-22GPD (SEQ ID NO: 30).

The Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase was released from pLF113 (from Example 4) by digestion with NotI and cloned into the NotI site of pY5-22GPD to produce pY118 (SEQ ID NO:31; FIG. 4).

Example 7 Cloning the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase into a Soybean Expression Vector

Vector pKR123r (SEQ ID NO:22), which was previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467 (published Aug. 26, 2004; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), contains a NotI site flanked by the Kunitz soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (KTi) promoter (Jofuku et al., Plant Cell 1:1079-1093 (1989)) and the KTi 3′ termination region, the isolation of which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,965 (KTi/NotI/KTi3′ cassette). The Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase (SEQ ID NO:15) was released from pLF113 (from Example 4) by digestion with NotI and cloned into the NotI site of pKR123r to produce pKR900 (SEQ ID NO:23).

Plasmid pKR72 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-6019; SEQ ID NO:46, 7085 bp sequence), a derivative of pKS123 which was previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2002/008269 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), contains the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (HPT) (Gritz, L. and Davies, J., Gene 25:179-188 (1983)), flanked by the T7 promoter and transcription terminator (T7prom/hpt/T7term cassette), and a bacterial origin of replication (ori) for selection and replication in bacteria (e.g., E. coli). In addition, pKR72 also contains the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, flanked by the 35S promoter (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985)) and NOS 3′ transcription terminator (Depicker et al., J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:561-570 (1982)) (35S/hpt/NOS3′ cassette) for selection in plants such as soybean. pKR72 also contains a NotI restriction site, flanked by the promoter for the α′ subunit of β-conglycinin (Beachy et al., EMBO J. 4:3047-3053 (1985)) and the 3′ transcription termination region of the phaseolin gene (Doyle et al., J. Biol. Chem. 261:9228-9238 (1986)), thus allowing for strong tissue-specific expression in the seeds of soybean of genes cloned into the NotI site. The βcon/NotI/Phas3′ cassette in plasmid pKR72 was removed by digestion with HindIII and the fragment containing the HPT gene was re-ligated to give pKR325 (SEQ ID NO:24), previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference).

Plasmid pKR900 (SEQ ID NO:23) was then digested with SbfI and the fragment containing the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase was cloned into the SbfI site of pKR325 to produce pKR902 (SEQ ID NO:25). A schematic depiction of pK902 is shown in FIG. 2.

Example 8 Cloning the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase into a Soybean Expression Vector and Co-expression with the Isochrysis galbana Delta-9 Elongase

Plasmid pKR900 (from Example 7; SEQ ID NO:23) was digested with SbfI and the fragment containing the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase was cloned into the SbfI site of pKR607 (SEQ ID NO:26), previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/012325 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference) to give pKR903 (SEQ ID NO:27). In this way, the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase is co-expressed with the Isochrysis galbana delta-9 elongase behind strong, seed-specific promoters. A schematic depiction of pK903 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-7494) is shown in FIG. 3.

Example 9 Functional Analysis of the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression plasmids pY121 and pY75 (from Example 5) were transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSC1 (Invitrogen Corporation) using standard lithium acetate transformation procedures. Transformants were selected on DOBA media supplemented with CSM-leu (Qbiogene, Carlsbad, Calif.). Transformants were evaluated for delta-6, delta-8 and delta-5 desaturase activities in the following way. Transformants from each plate were inoculated into 2 mL of DOB medium supplemented with CSM-leu (Qbiogene) and 0.2% tergitol. Cells were grown for 1 day at 30° C. after which, 0.1 mL was transferred to 3 mL of the same medium supplemented with either linoleic acid [LA-18:2(9,12)], α-linolenic acid [ALA-18:3(9,12,15)], dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid [DGLA-20:3(8,11,14)], eicosadienoic acid [EDA-20:2(11,14)] or eicosatrienoic acid [ERA-20:3(11,14,17)] to 0.175 mM. These were incubated for 16 h at 30° C., 250 rpm and then pellets were obtained by centrifugation. Cells were washed once with water, pelleted by centrifugation and air dried. Pellets were transesterified (Roughan, G. and Nishida, I., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 276(1):38-46 (1990)) with 500 μL of 1% sodium methoxide for 30 min. at 50° C. after which 500 μL of 1 M sodium chloride and 100 μL of heptane were added. After thorough mixing and centrifugation, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed by GC as described supra. In so doing, no desaturation activity for any of the substrates tested could be detected.

Example 10 Functional Analysis of the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase in Yarrowia lipolytica

A uracil ura3 auxotrophic strain of Yarrowia lipolytica (strain Y2224) was used for functional assays. To produce Y2224, Yarrowia lipolytica (ATCC Accession No. 20362) cells from a YPD plate were streaked onto a minimal medium plate (75 mg/L each of uracil and uridine, 6.7 g/L YNB with ammonia sulfate, without amino acid, and 20 g/L glucose) containing 250 mg/L 5-FOA (Zymo Research). Plates were incubated at 28° C. and four of the resulting colonies were patched separately onto minimal medium plates containing 200 mg/mL 5-FOA and minimal medium plates lacking uracil and uridine to confirm uracil ura3 auxotrophy. One confirmed auxotroph was designated Y2224.

Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2224 was grown at 28° C. on YPD agar (1% yeast extract, 2% bactopeptone, 2% glucose, 2% agar). For selection of transformants, minimal medium (0.17% yeast nitrogen base (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) without ammonium sulfate or amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.1% proline, pH 6.1) was used. Supplements of adenine, leucine, lysine and/or uracil are added to a final concentration of 0.01%.

Transformation of Yarrowia lipolytica

Plasmid pY118, containing the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase, or pY5-22GPD, the vector control, were transformed into Yarrowia lipolytica strain Y2224 as described in the General Methods.

Briefly, Yarrowia lipolytica Strain #2224 was streaked onto a YPD plate and grown at 30° C. for approximately 18 h. Several large loopfuls of cells were scraped from the plate and resuspended in 1 mL of transformation buffer containing: 0.25 mL of 50% PEG, average MW 3350; 0.125 mL of 2 M Li acetate, pH 6.0; 0.125 mL of 2M DTT; and 50 μg sheared salmon sperm DNA. About 500 ng of pY118 or pY5-22GPD plasmid DNA were incubated in 100 μL of resuspended cells, and maintained at 39° C. for 1 h with vortex mixing at 15 min intervals. The cells were plated onto minimal media plates lacking uracil and maintained at 30° C. for 2 to 3 days

Single colonies of transformant Yarrowia lipolytica containing pY118 or pY5-22GPD were grown in 3 mL minimal media lacking uracil supplemented with 0.2% tergitol at 30° C. for 1 day. After this, 0.1 mL was transferred to 3 mL of the same medium supplemented with either no fatty acid, α-linolenic acid [ALA-18:3(9,12,15)], dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid [DGLA-20:3(8,11,14)], eicosadienoic acid [EDA-20:2(11,14)] or eicosatrienoic acid [ERA-20:3(11,14,17)] to 0.175 mM. These were incubated for 16 h at 30° C., 250 rpm and then pellets were obtained by centrifugation. Cells were washed once with water, pelleted by centrifugation and air dried. Pellets were transesterified as described supra. FAMEs from cells containing pY118 were analyzed by GC as for cells containing pY121 in Example 9. In so doing, no desaturation activity for any of the substrates tested could be detected.

Example 11 Transformation of Somatic Soybean Embryo Cultures

Culture Conditions:

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures (cv. Jack) were maintained in 35 mL liquid medium SB196 (infra) on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, 26° C. with cool white fluorescent lights on 16:8 hr day/night photoperiod at light intensity of 60-85 μE/m2/s. Cultures were subcultured every 7 days to two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of fresh liquid SB196 (the preferred subculture interval is every 7 days).

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures were transformed with the soybean expression plasmids by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al., Nature, 327:70 (1987)) using a DuPont Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) for all transformations.

Soybean Embryogenic Suspension Culture Initiation:

Soybean cultures were initiated twice each month with 5-7 days between each initiation. Pods with immature seeds from available soybean plants 45-55 days after planting were picked, removed from their shells and placed into a sterilized magenta box. The soybean seeds were sterilized by shaking them for 15 min in a 5% Clorox solution with 1 drop of ivory soap (i.e., 95 mL of autoclaved distilled water plus 5 mL Clorox and 1 drop of soap, mixed well). Seeds were rinsed using 2 1-liter bottles of sterile distilled water and those less than 4 mm were placed on individual microscope slides. The small end of the seed was cut and the cotyledons pressed out of the seed coat. Cotyledons were transferred to plates containing SB1 medium (25-30 cotyledons per plate). Plates were wrapped with fiber tape and stored for 8 weeks. After this time secondary embryos were cut and placed into SB196 liquid media for 7 days.

Preparation of DNA for Bombardment:

Either an intact plasmid or a DNA plasmid fragment containing the genes of interest and the selectable marker gene were used for bombardment. Fragments from soybean expression plasmids pKR902 and pKR903 were obtained by gel isolation of digested plasmids. In each case, 100 μg of plasmid DNA was used in 0.5 mL of the specific enzyme mix described below. Plasmids were digested with AscI (100 units) in NEBuffer 4 (20 mM Tris-acetate, 10 mM magnesium acetate, 50 mM potassium acetate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.9), 100 μg/mL BSA, and 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol at 37° C. for 1.5 hr. The resulting DNA fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis on 1% SeaPlaque GTG agarose (BioWhitaker Molecular Applications) and the DNA fragments containing gene cassettes were cut from the agarose gel. DNA was purified from the agarose using the GELase digesting enzyme following the manufacturer's protocol.

A 50 μL aliquot of sterile distilled water containing 3 mg of gold particles was added to 5 μL of a 1 μg/μL DNA solution (either intact plasmid or DNA fragment prepared as described above), 50 μL 2.5M CaCl₂ and 20 μL of 0.1 M spermidine. The mixture was shaken 3 min on level 3 of a vortex shaker and spun for 10 sec in a bench microfuge. After a wash with 400 μL of 100% ethanol, the pellet was suspended by sonication in 40 μL of 100% ethanol. Five μL of DNA suspension was dispensed to each flying disk of the Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument disk. Each 5 μL aliquot contained approximately 0.375 mg gold particles per bombardment (i.e., per disk).

Tissue Preparation and Bombardment with DNA:

Approximately 150-200 mg of 7 day old embryonic suspension cultures were placed in an empty, sterile 60×15 mm petri dish and the dish was covered with plastic mesh. Tissue was bombarded 1 or 2 shots per plate with membrane rupture pressure set at 1100 PSI and the chamber was evacuated to a vacuum of 27-28 inches of mercury. Tissue was placed approximately 3.5 inches from the retaining/stopping screen.

Selection of Transformed Embryos:

Transformed embryos were selected using hygromycin as the selectable marker. Specifically, following bombardment, the tissue was placed into fresh SB196 media and cultured as described above. Six days post-bombardment, the SB196 is exchanged with fresh SB196 containing 30 mg/L hygromycin. The selection media was refreshed weekly. Four to six weeks post-selection, green, transformed tissue may was observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated, green tissue was removed and inoculated into multiwell plates to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures.

Embryo Maturation:

Embryos were cultured for four-six weeks at 26° C. in SB196 under cool white fluorescent (Phillips cool white Econowatt F40/CW/RS/EW) and Agro (Phillips F40 Agro) bulbs (40 watt) on a 16:8 hr photoperiod with light intensity of 90-120 μE/m²s. After this time embryo clusters were removed to a solid agar media, SB166, for 1-2 weeks. Clusters were then subcultured to medium SB103 for 3 weeks. During this period, individual embryos were removed from the clusters and screened for alterations in their fatty acid compositions as described supra.

Media Recipes:

SB 196 - FN Lite Liquid Proliferation Medium (per liter) MS FeEDTA - 100x Stock 1 10 mL MS Sulfate - 100x Stock 2 10 mL FN Lite Halides - 100x Stock 3 10 mL FN Lite P, B, Mo - 100x Stock 4 10 mL B5 vitamins (1 mL/L) 1.0 mL 2,4-D (10 mg/L final concentration) 1.0 mL KNO₃ 2.83 gm (NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.463 gm asparagine 1.0 gm sucrose (1%) 10 gm pH 5.8 FN Lite Stock Solutions Stock Number 1000 mL 500 mL 1 MS Fe EDTA 100x Stock Na₂ EDTA* 3.724 g 1.862 g  FeSO₄—7H₂O 2.784 g 1.392 g  *Add first, dissolve in dark bottle while stirring 2 MS Sulfate 100x stock MgSO₄—7H₂O  37.0 g 18.5 g MnSO₄—H₂O  1.69 g 0.845 g  ZnSO₄—7H₂O  0.86 g 0.43 g CuSO₄—5H₂O 0.0025 g  0.00125 g   3 FN Lite Halides 100x Stock CaCl₂—2H₂O  30.0 g 15.0 g KI 0.083 g 0.0715 g  CoCl₂—6H₂O 0.0025 g  0.00125 g   4 FN Lite P, B, Mo 100x Stock KH₂PO₄  18.5 g 9.25 g H₃BO₃  0.62 g 0.31 g Na₂MoO₄—2H₂O 0.025 g 0.0125 g  SB1 Solid Medium (per liter) 1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL - Cat. No. 11117-066) 1 mL B5 vitamins 1000X stock 31.5 g sucrose 2 mL 2,4-D (20 mg/L final concentration) pH 5.7 8 g TC agar SB 166 Solid Medium (per liter) 1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL - Cat. No. 11117-066) 1 mL B5 vitamins 1000X stock 60 g maltose 750 mg MgCl₂ hexahydrate 5 g activated charcoal pH 5.7 2 g gelrite SB 103 Solid Medium (per liter) 1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL - Cat. No. 11117-066) 1 mL B5 vitamins 1000X stock 60 g maltose 750 mg MgCl2 hexahydrate pH 5.7 2 g gelrite SB 71-4 Solid Medium (per liter) 1 bottle Gamborg's B5 salts w/sucrose (Gibco/BRL - Cat. No. 21153-036) pH 5.7 5 g TC agar 2,4-D Stock Obtain premade from Phytotech Cat. No. D 295 - concentration 1 mg/mL B5 Vitamins Stock (per 100 mL) Store aliquots at −20° C. 10 g myo-inositol 100 mg nicotinic acid 100 mg pyridoxine HCl 1 g thiamine If the solution does not dissolve quickly enough, apply a low level of heat via the hot stir plate.

Example 12 Functional Analysis of the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase in Somatic Soybean Embryos

Mature somatic soybean embryos are a good model for zygotic embryos. While in the globular embryo state in liquid culture, somatic soybean embryos contain very low amounts of triacylglycerol or storage proteins typical of maturing, zygotic soybean embryos. At this developmental stage, the ratio of total triacylglyceride to total polar lipid (phospholipids and glycolipid) is about 1:4, as is typical of zygotic soybean embryos at the developmental stage from which the somatic embryo culture was initiated. At the globular stage as well, the mRNAs for the prominent seed proteins, α′-subunit of β-conglycinin, kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3, and seed lectin are essentially absent. Upon transfer to hormone-free media to allow differentiation to the maturing somatic embryo state, triacylglycerol becomes the most abundant lipid class. As well, mRNAs for α′-subunit of β-conglycinin, kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3 and seed lectin become very abundant messages in the total mRNA population. On this basis, the somatic soybean embryo system behaves very similarly to maturing zygotic soybean embryos in vivo, and is thus a good and rapid model system for analyzing the phenotypic effects of modifying the expression of genes in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (see PCT Publication No. WO 2002/00904, Example 3). Most importantly, the model system is also predictive of the fatty acid composition of seeds from plants derived from transgenic embryos.

Transgenic somatic soybean embryos containing pKR902 (Example 7) or pKR903 (Example 8) were analyzed in the following way. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from single, matured, somatic soy embryos by transesterification. Individual embryos were placed in a vial containing 50 μL of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) and 0.5 mL of hexane and incubated for 30 min at room temperature while shaking. Fatty acid methyl esters (5 μL injected from hexane layer) were separated and quantified using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 Gas Chromatograph fitted with an Omegawax 320 fused silica capillary column (Catalog #24152, Supelco Inc.). The oven temperature was programmed to hold at 220° C. for 2.6 min, increase to 240° C. at 20° C./min and then hold for an additional 2.4 min. Carrier gas was supplied by a Whatman hydrogen generator. Retention times were compared to those for methyl esters of standards commercially available (Nu-Chek Prep, Inc.). Routinely, 5-10 embryos per event were analyzed by GC, using the methodology described above.

Embryo fatty acid profiles for 20 events (5 embryos each) containing pKR902 (Example 7—Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase only) were obtained. No delta-6 desaturase activity (i.e., conversion of LA to GLA or ALA to STA) could be detected in any of the events analyzed.

Embryo fatty acid profiles for 6 lines containing pKR903 (Example 8—Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase and Isochrysis galbana delta-9 elongase) are shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. Calculated overall % desaturation, % desaturation for n-3 and n-6 substrates and desaturation ratios are also shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.

In summary of FIGS. 8A and 8B, the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase works well in soybean to convert both EDA and ERA to DGLA and ETA, respectively. The line with the highest average DGLA content (1890-3-5) had embryos with an average DGLA content of 20.7% and an average ETA content of 3.9%. The highest DGLA and ETA content for an individual embryo from this line was 26.3% and 5.4%, respectively. The highest average overall % desaturation (calculation described below) was 72.7% with the highest overall % desaturation for an individual embryo being 83.1%. When broken down into % desaturation for the n-6 and n-3 substrates, the highest average % desaturation was 80.5% and 47.9% for EDA and ERA, respectively. The highest % desaturation for an individual embryo was 89.9% and 55.9% for EDA and ERA, respectively. The Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase has a preference for EDA over ERA with the average desaturation ratio ranging from 1.7 to 3.3. Interestingly, some GLA accumulates in embryos were the delta-8 desaturase is expressed well.

Furthermore, in summary of FIGS. 8A and 8B, the overall % desaturation (C20% delta-8 desaturation) was calculated by dividing the sum of the wt. % for DGLA and ETA by the sum of the wt. % for EDA, DGLA, ERA and ETA and multiplying by 100 to express as a %. The individual n-6 delta-8 desaturation (EDA % delta-8 desaturation) was calculated by dividing the sum of the wt. % for DGLA by the sum of the wt. % for EDA and DGLA and multiplying by 100 to express as a %. Similarly, the individual n-3 delta-8 desaturation (ERA % delta-8 desaturation) shown was calculated by dividing the sum of the wt. % for ETA by the sum of the wt. % for ERA and ETA and multiplying by 100 to express as a %. The ratio of delta-8 desaturation for n-6 versus n-3 substrates (ratio EDA/ERA % desaturation) was obtained by dividing the EDA % delta-8 desaturation by the ERA % delta-8 desaturation.

Example 13 Cloning the Pavlova lutheri Delta-8 Desaturase into a Soybean Expression Vector Containing the Euglena gracilis Delta-9 Elongase and Mortierella alpina Delta-5 Desaturase

The Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase (SEQ ID NO:32) was amplified with oligonucleotide primers oEugEL1-1 (SEQ ID NO:33) and oEugEL1-2 (SEQ ID NO:34) using the VentR® DNA Polymerase (Cat. No. M0254S, New England Biolabs Inc., Beverly, Mass.) following the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting DNA fragment was cloned into the pCR-Blunt® cloning vector using the Zero Blunt® PCR Cloning Kit (Invitrogen Corporation), following the manufacturer's protocol, to produce pKR906 (SEQ ID NO:35).

Plasmid pKR906 was digested with NotI and the fragment containing the Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase was cloned into plasmid pKR132 (SEQ ID NO:36, which is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467) to give pKR953 (SEQ ID NO:37).

Vector pKR287 (SEQ ID NO:38; which is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467, published Aug. 26, 2004; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), contains the Mortierella alpina delta-5 desaturase (SEQ ID NO:39), which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467 and WO 2005/047479 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), flanked by the soybean glycinin Gy1 promoter and the pea leguminA2 3′ termination region (Gy1/MaD5/legA2 cassette). Vector pKR287 was digested with SbfI/BsiWl and the fragment containing the Gy1/MaD5/legA2 cassette was cloned into the SbfI/BsiWl fragment of pKR277 (SEQ ID NO:40; which is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference) to produce pK952 (SEQ ID NO:41).

Vector pKR457 (SEQ ID NO:42), which was previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/047479 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), contains a NotI site flanked by the Kunitz soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (KTi) promoter (Jofuku et al., Plant Cell 1:1079-1093 (1989)) and the KTi 3′ termination region, the isolation of which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,965, followed by the soy albumin transcription terminator, which was previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467 (Kti/NotI/Kti3′Salb3′ cassette). Through a number of sub-cloning steps, sequences containing Asp718 restriction sites were added to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the Kti/NotI/Kti3′Salb3′ cassette to give SEQ ID NO:43. After cloning the NotI fragment of pLF113 (Example 4), containing the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase, into the modified Kti/NotI/Kti3′Salb3′ cassette (SEQ ID NO:43), the DNA fragment was digested with Asp718 and cloned into the SbfI site of pKR952 (SEQ ID NO:41) to give pKR970 (SEQ ID NO:44).

Plasmid pKR953 (SEQ ID NO:37) was digested with PstI and the fragment containing the Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase was cloned into the SbfI site of pKR970 (SEQ ID NO:44) to give pKR973 (SEQ ID NO:45, FIG. 5).

In this way, the Pavlova lutheri delta-8 desaturase could be co-expressed with the Mortierella alpina delta-5 desaturase and the Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase behind strong, seed-specific promoters.

Example 14 Cloning the Euglena gracilis Delta-9 Elongase into a Soybean Expression Vector

The gene for the Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase (SEQ ID NO:32) is released from pKR906 (SEQ ID NO:35) by digestion with NotI and cloned into the NotI site of pKR72 (SEQ ID NO:46 and has ATCC Accession No. PTA-6019) to produce pKR912 (SEQ ID NO:47). A schematic depiction of pKR912 is shown in FIG. 6.

Example 15 Construction of a Vector Containing the Saprolegnia diclina Delta-17 Desaturase and Fusarium moniliforme Delta-15 Desaturase

Vector pKR886r (SEQ ID NO:48) was made by cloning the PstI fragment, containing the Ann/Sdd17/BD30 cassette from pKR271 (SEQ ID NO:49, which is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467) into the SbfI site of pKR226 (SEQ ID NO:50, which is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467).

The βcon/NotI/Phas3′ cassette in plasmid pKR72 (SEQ ID NO:46 and has ATCC Accession No. PTA-6019) was amplified using oligonucleotide primers oCon-1 (SEQ ID NO:51) and oCon-2 (SEQ ID NO:52) using the VentR® DNA Polymerase (Cat. No. M0254S, New England Biolabs Inc., Beverly, Mass.) following the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting DNA fragment was digested with XbaI and cloned into the XbaI site of pUC19, to produce pKR179 (SEQ ID NO:53).

The Fusarium monoliforme delta-15 desaturase was released from plasmid pKR578 (SEQ ID NO:54, which is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/047479 and has ATCC Accession No. PTA-6280) by digestion with NotI and was cloned into the NotI site of plasmid pKR179 to give pKR582 (SEQ ID NO:55).

Vector pKR582 was digested with PstI and the fragment containing the Fusarium monoliforme delta-15 desaturase was cloned into the SbfI site of pKR886r (SEQ ID NO:48) to give pKR983 (SEQ ID NO:56). A schematic depiction of pKR983 is shown in FIG. 7.

Example 16 Co-expressing Other Promoter/Gene/Terminator Cassette Combinations

In addition to the genes, promoters, terminators and gene cassettes described herein, one skilled in the art can appreciate that other promoter/gene/terminator cassette combinations can be synthesized in a way similar to, but not limited to, that described herein. For instance, PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467 and WO 2004/071178 describe the isolation of a number of promoter and transcription terminator sequences for use in embryo-specific expression in soybean. Furthermore, PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467, WO 2005/047479 and WO 2006/012325 describe the synthesis of multiple promoter/gene/terminator cassette combinations by ligating individual promoters, genes and transcription terminators together in unique combinations. Generally, a NotI site flanked by the suitable promoter (such as those listed in, but not limited to, Table 4) and a transcription terminator (such as those listed in, but not limited to, Table 5) is used to clone the desired gene. NotI sites can be added to a gene of interest such as those listed in, but not limited to, Table 6 using PCR amplification with oligonucleotides designed to introduce NotI sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the gene. The resulting PCR product is then digested with NotI and cloned into a suitable promoter/NotI/terminator cassette.

In addition, PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/071467, WO 2005/047479 and WO 2006/012325 describe the further linking together of individual gene cassettes in unique combinations, along with suitable selectable marker cassettes, in order to obtain the desired phenotypic expression. Although this is done mainly using different restriction enzymes sites, one skilled in the art can appreciate that a number of techniques can be utilized to achieve the desired promoter/gene/transcription terminator combination. In so doing, any combination of embryo-specific promoter/gene/transcription terminator cassettes can be achieved. One skilled in the art can also appreciate that these cassettes can be located on individual DNA fragments or on multiple fragments where co-expression of genes is the outcome of co-transformation of multiple DNA fragments.

TABLE 4 Seed-specific Promoters Promoter Organism Promoter Reference β-conglycinin α′-subunit soybean Beachy et al., EMBO J. 4: 3047-3053 (1985) kunitz trypsin inhibitor soybean Jofuku et al., Plant Cell 1: 1079-1093 (1989) Annexin soybean WO 2004/071467 glycinin Gy1 soybean WO 2004/071467 albumin 2S soybean U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,613 legumin A1 pea Rerie et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 225: 148-157 (1991) β-conglycinin β-subunit soybean WO 2004/071467 BD30 (also called P34) soybean WO 2004/071467 legumin A2 pea Rerie et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 225: 148-157 (1991)

TABLE 5 Transcription Terminators Transcription Terminator Organism Reference phaseolin 3′ bean WO 2004/071467 kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3′ soybean WO 2004/071467 BD30 (also called P34) 3′ soybean WO 2004/071467 legumin A2 3′ pea WO 2004/071467 albumin 2S 3′ soybean WO 2004/071467

TABLE 6 EPA Biosynthetic Pathway Genes Gene Organism Reference delta-6 desaturase Saprolegnia diclina WO 2002/081668 delta-6 desaturase Mortierella alpina U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,809 elongase Mortierella alpina WO 2000/12720 U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,349 delta-5 desaturase Mortierella alpina U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183 delta-5 desaturase Saprolegnia diclina WO 2002/081668 delta-15 desaturase Fusarium moniliforme WO 2005/047479 delta-17 desaturase Saprolegnia diclina WO 2002/081668 elongase Thraustochytrium WO 2002/08401 aureum U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,145 elongase Pavlova sp. Pereira et al., Biochem. J. 384: 357-366 (2004) delta-4 desaturase Schizochytrium WO 2002/090493 aggregatum delta-9 elongase Isochrysis galbana WO 2002/077213 delta-9 elongase Euglena gracilis U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/739,989 delta-8 desaturase Euglena gracilis WO 2000/34439 U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,017 WO 2004/057001 WO 2006/012325 delta-8 desaturase Acanthamoeba Sayanova et al., FEBS Lett. castellanii 580: 1946-1952 (2006) delta-8 desaturase Pavlova salina WO 2005/103253 delta-8 desaturase Pavlova lutheri instant application

Example 17 Synthesis of a Codon-Optimized Delta-8 Desaturase Gene Derived from Pavlova lutheri in Yarrowia lipolytica

The codon usage of the delta-8 desaturase gene of Pavlova lutheri (SEQ ID NO:14; Example 4, supra) was optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica, in a manner similar to that described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101753. Specifically, a codon-optimized delta-8 desaturase gene (designated “PiD8S”; SEQ ID NO:57) was designed based on the coding sequence of the delta-8 desaturase gene of the instant invention (SEQ ID NO:14), according to the Yarrowia codon usage pattern (PCT Publication No. WO 2004/101753), the consensus sequence around the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon, and the general rules of RNA stability (Guhaniyogi, G. and Brewer, J., Gene 265(1-2):11-23 (2001)). In addition to modification of the translation initiation site, 161 bp of the 1272 bp coding region were modified (13.1%) and 161 codons were optimized (38.1%). None of the modifications in the codon-optimized gene changed the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (SEQ ID NO:16). The designed PiD8S gene was synthesized by GenScript Corporation (Piscataway, N.J.) and cloned into pUC57 (GenBank Accession No. Y14837) to generate pPiD8S (SEQ ID NO:58; FIG. 11-A).

Example 18 Construction of Plasmid pZUFmEgD9ES, Comprising a Codon-Optimized Delta-9 Elongase Gene Derived from Euglena gracilis

The present Example describes the construction of plasmid pZUFmEgD9ES (SEQ ID NO:70), comprising a synthetic delta-9 elongase gene (derived from Euglena gracilis) that was codon-optimized for Yarrowia lipolytica (designated herein as “EgD9S” or “EgD9ES”). Plasmid pZUFmEgD9ES (SEQ ID NO: 70; FIG. 9-D) was constructed by three-way ligation using fragments from plasmids pEgD9ES, pDMW263 and pZUF17 (SEQ ID NO:67, SEQ ID NO:68 and SEQ ID NO:69, respectively; FIGS. 9-A, 9-B and 9-C, respectively). This plasmid was utilized to construct plasmid pZUFmE9SP8S (SEQ ID NO:71) comprising the synthetic codon-optimized PiD8S from Example 17 and EgD9S as described herein in Example 19, infra.

Euglena gracilis Growth Conditions, Lipid Profile and mRNA Isolation:

Euglena gracilis was obtained from Dr. Richard Triemer's lab at Michigan State University (East Lansing, Mich.). From 10 mL of actively growing culture, a 1 mL aliquot was transferred into 250 mL of Euglena gracilis (Eg) Medium in a 500 mL glass bottle. Eg medium was made by combining 1 g of sodium acetate, 1 g of beef extract (U126-01, Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), 2 g of Bacto® tryptone (0123-17-3, Difco Laboratories) and 2 g of Bacto® yeast extract (0127-17-9, Difco Laboratories) in 970 mL of water. After filter sterilizing, 30 mL of soil-water supernatant (15-3790, Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington, N.C.) was aseptically added to give the final Eg medium. Euglena gracilis cultures were grown at 23° C. with a 16 h light, 8 h dark cycle for 2 weeks with no agitation.

After 2 weeks, 10 mL of culture was removed for lipid analysis and centrifuged at 1,800×g for 5 min. The pellet was washed once with water and re-centrifuged. The resulting pellet was dried for 5 min under vacuum, resuspended in 100 μL of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) and incubated at room temperature for 15 min with shaking. After this, 0.5 mL of hexane was added and the vials were incubated for 15 min at room temperature with shaking. Fatty acid methyl esters (5 μL injected from hexane layer) were separated and quantified using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 Gas Chromatograph fitted with an Omegawax 320 fused silica capillary column (Supelco Inc., Cat. No. 24152). The oven temperature was programmed to hold at 220° C. for 2.7 min, increase to 240° C. at 20° C./min and then hold for an additional 2.3 min. Carrier gas was supplied by a Whatman hydrogen generator. Retention times were compared to those for methyl esters of standards commercially available (Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. Cat. No. U-99-A) and the resulting chromatogram is shown in FIG. 10.

The remaining 2 week culture (240 mL) was pelleted by centrifugation at 1,800×g for 10 min, washed once with water and re-centrifuged. Total RNA was extracted from the resulting pellet using the RNA STAT-60™ reagent (TEL-TEST, Inc., Friendswood, Tex.) and following the manufacturer's protocol provided (use 5 mL of reagent, dissolved RNA in 0.5 mL of water). In this way, 1 mg of total RNA (2 mg/mL) was obtained from the pellet. The mRNA was isolated from 1 mg of total RNA using the mRNA Purification Kit (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) following the manufacturer's protocol provided. In this way, 85 μg of mRNA was obtained.

Euglena gracilis cDNA Synthesis, Library Construction and Sequencing:

A cDNA library was generated using the Cloneminer™ cDNA Library Construction Kit (Cat. No. 18249-029, Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) and following the manufacturer's protocol provided (Version B, 25-0608). Using the non-radiolabeling method, cDNA was synthesized from 3.2 μg of mRNA (described above) using the Biotin-attB2-Oligo(dT) primer. After synthesis of the first and second strand, the attB1 adapter was added, ligated and the cDNA was size fractionated using column chromatography. DNA from fractions 7 and 8 (size ranging from ˜800-1500 bp) were concentrated, recombined into PDONR™ 222 and transformed into E. coli ElectroMAX™ DH10B™ T1 Phage-Resistant cells (Invitrogen Corporation). The Euglena gracilis library was named eeg1c.

For sequencing, clones first were recovered from archived glycerol cultures grown/frozen in 384-well freezing media plates, and replicated with a sterile 384 pin replicator (Genetix, Boston, Mass.) in 384-well microtiter plates containing LB+75 μg/mL Kanamycin (replicated plates). Plasmids then were isolated, using the Templiphi DNA sequencing template amplification kit method (Amersham Biosciences) following the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, the Templiphi method uses bacteriophage φ29 DNA polymerase to amplify circular single-stranded or double-stranded DNA by isothermal rolling circle amplification (Dean et al., Genome Res. 11:1095-1099 (2001); Nelson et al., Biotechniques 32:S44-S47 (2002)). After growing 20 h at 37° C., cells from the replicated plate were added to 5 μL of dilution buffer and denatured at 95° C. for 3 min to partially lyse cells and release the denatured template. 5 μL of Templiphi premix then were added to each sample and the resulting reaction mixture was incubated at 30° C. for 16 h, then at 65° C. for 10 min to inactivate the φ29 DNA polymerase activity. DNA quantification with the PicoGreen® dsDNA Quantitation Reagent (Molecular Probes) was performed after diluting the amplified samples 1:3 in distilled water.

The amplified products then were denatured at 95° C. for 10 min and end-sequenced in 384-well plates, using the M13F universal primer (SEQ ID NO:63), and the ABI BigDye version 3.1 Prism Sequencing Kit. For the sequencing reaction, 100-200 ng of templates and 6.4 μmol of primers were used, and the following reaction conditions were repeated 25 times: 96° C. for 10 sec, 50° C. for 5 sec and 60° C. for 4 min. After ethanol-based cleanup, cycle sequencing reaction products were resolved and detected on Perkin-Elmer ABI 3730xl automated sequencers.

Identification of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Elongation Enzyme Homologs from Euglena gracilis cDNA Library eeg1c:

cDNA clones encoding long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid elongation enzyme homologs (i.e., LC-PUFA ELO homologs or delta-9 elongases) were identified and analyzed by conducting BLAST searches for similarity to sequences contained in the BLAST “nr” database, as described supra (see Example 2).

The BLASTX search using the nucleotide sequences from clone eeg1c.pk001.n5.f revealed similarity of the protein encoded by the cDNA to the long-chain PUFA elongation enzyme from Isochrysis galbana (SEQ ID NO:59) (NCBI Accession No. AAL37626 (GI 17226123), locus AAL37626, CDS AF390174; Qi et al., FEBS Lett. 510(3):159-165 (2002)). The sequence of a portion of the cDNA insert from clone eeg1c.pk001.n5.f is shown in SEQ ID NO:60 (5′ end of cDNA insert). Additional sequence was obtained from the 3′ end of the cDNA insert of eeg1c.pk001.n5.1 as described above, but using the poly(A) tail-primed WobbleT oligonucleotides. Briefly, the WobbleT primer is an equimolar mix of 21 mer poly(T)A, poly(T)C and poly(T)G, used to sequence the 3′ end of cDNA clones.

The 3′ end sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:61. Both the 5′ and 3′ sequences were aligned using Sequencher™ (Version 4.2, Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich.) and the resulting sequence for the cDNA is shown in SEQ ID NO:62. Sequence for the coding sequence from the cDNA in eeg1c.pk001.n5.f and the corresponding deduced amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:32 and SEQ ID NO:64, respectively.

The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:64 was evaluated by BLASTP, yielding a pLog value of 38.70 (E value of 2e-39) versus the Isochrysis galbana sequence (SEQ ID NO:65). The Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase is 39.4% identical to the Isochrysis galbana delta-9 elongase sequence using the Jotun Hein method. Sequence percent identity calculations performed by the Jotun Hein method (Hein, J. J., Meth. Enz. 183:626-645 (1990)) were done using the MegAlign™ v6.1 program of the LASARGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.) with the default parameters for pairwise alignment (KTUPLE=2). The Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase is 31.8% identical to the Isochrysis galbana delta-9 elongase sequence using the Clustal V method. Sequence percent identity calculations performed by the Clustal V method (Higgins, D. G. and Sharp, P. M., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191 (1992)) were done using the MegAlign™ v6.1 program of the LASARGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.) with the default parameters for pairwise alignment (KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). BLAST scores and probabilities indicate that the instant nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:32) encode an entire Euglena gracilis delta-9 elongase.

Synthesis of the Codon-Optimized Delta-9 Elongase Gene:

The codon usage of the delta-9 elongase gene of Euglena gracilis (SEQ ID NOs:32 and 64) was optimized for expression in Yarrowia lipolytica, in a manner similar to that described supra (see Example 17) and WO 2004/101753. Specifically, a codon-optimized delta-9 elongase gene (designated “EgD9S”), SEQ ID NO:66) was designed, based on the coding sequence of the delta-9 elongase (clone eeg1c.pk001.n5.f), according to the Yarrowia codon usage pattern, the consensus sequence around the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon, and the general rules of RNA stability (Guhaniyogi, G. and Brewer, J., supra)). In addition to the modification of the translation initiation site, 117 bp of the 777 bp coding region were modified (15.1%) and 106 codons were optimized (40.9%). None of the modifications in the codon-optimized gene changed the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (SEQ ID NO:64). The designed EgD9S (also “EgD9ES”) gene was synthesized by GenScript Corporation (Piscataway, N.J.) and was cloned into pUC57 (GenBank Accession No. Y14837) to generate pEgD9ES (SEQ ID NO:67; FIG. 9-A).

Construction of Plasmid pDMW263:

Plasmid pY5-30 (SEQ ID NO:78) (previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/003310 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference) is a shuttle plasmid that can replicate both in E. coli and Yarrowia lipolytica. Plasmid pY5-30 contains the following: a Yarrowia autonomous replication sequence (ARS18); a ColE1 plasmid origin of replication; an ampicillin-resistance gene (Amp^(R)) for selection in E. coli; a Yarrowia LEU2 gene for selection in Yarrowia; and a chimeric TEF::GUS::XPR gene. Plasmid pDMW263 (SEQ ID NO:68; FIG. 9-B) was created from pY5-30, by replacing the TEF promoter with the Yarrowia lipolytica FBAINm promoter (PCT Publication No. WO 2005/049805) using techniques well known to one skilled in the art. Briefly, this promoter refers to a modified promoter which is located in the 5′ upstream untranslated region in front of the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon of the fructose-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme (E.C. 4.1.2.13) encoded by the fba1 gene and that is necessary for expression, plus a portion of 5′ coding region that has an intron, wherein FBAINm has a 52 bp deletion between the ATG translation initiation codon and the intron of the FBAIN promoter (thereby including only 22 amino acids of the N-terminus) and a new translation consensus motif after the intron. Table 7 summarizes the components of pDMW263.

TABLE 7 Components of Plasmid pDMW263 RE Sites and Nucleotides Within Description of Fragment and SEQ ID NO: 68 Chimeric Gene Components 4992-4296 ARS18 sequence (GenBank Accession No. A17608) SalI/SaclI FBAINm::GUS::XPR, comprising: (8505-2014) FBAINm: Yarrowia lipolytica FBAINm promoter (WO 2005/049805) GUS: E. coli gene encoding β-glucuronidase (Jefferson, R. A., Nature. 14:342: 837-838 (1989)) XPR: ~100 bp of the 3′ region of the Yarrowia Xpr gene (GenBank Accession No. M17741) 6303-8505 Yarrowia Leu2 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF260230) Construction of Plasmid pZUF17:

Plasmid pZUF17 (SEQ ID NO:69; FIG. 9-C) possesses a similar backbone to that of pDMW236. However, the plasmid comprises a Yarrowia Ura3 gene for selection in Yarrowia and a chimeric FBAIN::D17S::Pex20 gene, instead of the LEU2 gene and chimeric FBAINm::GUS::XPR gene of pDMW263. Table 8 summarizes the components of pZUF17.

TABLE 8 Components of Plasmid pZUF17 RE Sites and Nucleotides Within Description of Fragment and SEQ ID NO: 69 Chimeric Gene Components 2866-4170 ARS18 sequence (GenBank Accession No. A17608) CalI/PacI FBAIN::D17S::Pex20, comprising: (5750-8165) FBAIN: Yarrowia lipolytica FBAIN promoter (WO 2005/049805) Δ17S: synthetic Δ17 desaturase gene derived from Saprolegnia diclina (US 2003/0196217 A1), codon- optimized for Yarrowia lipolytica (WO 2004/101757) Pex20: Pex20 terminator sequence of Yarrowia Pex20 gene (GenBank Accession No. AF054613) 5703-4216 Yarrowia Ura3 gene (GenBank Accession No. AJ306421) Final Construction of Plasmid pZUFmEgD9ES:

The NcoI/NotI fragment from plasmid pEgD9ES (SEQ ID NO:67; FIG. 9-A; comprising EgD9ES) and the SalI/NcoI fragment from pDMW263 (SEQ ID NO:68; FIG. 9-B; comprising the Yarrowia lipolytica FBAINm promoter) were used directionally to replace the SalI/NotI fragment of pZUF17 (SEQ ID NO:69; FIG. 9-C). This resulted in generation of pZUFmEgD9ES (SEQ ID NO:70; FIG. 9-D), comprising a chimeric FBAINm::EgD9ES::Pex20 gene.

Example 19 Construction of Plasmid pZUFmE9SP8S. Comprising the Codon-Optimized Delta-8 Desaturase Gene Derived from Pavlova lutheri and the Codon-Optimized Delta-9 Elongase Gene Derived From Euglena gracilis

The present Example describes the construction of plasmid pZUFmE9SP8S (SEQ ID NO:71), comprising the synthetic codon-optimized PiD8S from Example 17 and the synthetic codon-optimized EgD9ES from Example 18. Plasmid pZUFmE9SP8S (SEQ ID NO:71; FIG. 11-D) was constructed by four-way ligation using fragments from plasmids pPiD8S, pZUFmEgD9ES, pEXPGUS1-C and pZGD5T-CP (SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:72 and SEQ ID NO:73, respectively; FIGS. 11-A, 9-D, 11-B and 11-C, respectively). This plasmid was utilized to test functional co-expression of PiD8S and EgD9ES, as described in Example 20, infra.

Plasmid pEXPGUS1-C:

Plasmid pEXPGUS1-C (SEQ ID NO:72; FIG. 11-B) comprises a chimeric EXP1::GUS::XPR gene (nucleotides 953-3963 of SEQ ID NO:72). The “EXP1” promoter within this chimeric gene refers to the 5′ upstream untranslated −1000 to −1 bp region in front of the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon of a protein encoded by the Yarrowia lipolytica “YALI0C12034g” gene (GenBank Accession No. XM_(—)501745) and that is necessary for expression. Based on significant homology of “YALI0C12034g” to the sp|Q12207 Saccharomyces cerevisiae non-classical export protein 2 (whose function is involved in a novel pathway of export of proteins that lack a cleavable signal sequence), this gene was designated as the exp1 gene, encoding a protein designated as EXP1 (U.S. application Ser. No. 11/265,761). “GUS” and “XPR” are defined as described above in Table 7.

Plasmid pZGD5T-CP:

Plasmid pZGD5T-CP (SEQ ID NO:73; FIG. 11-C) comprises a chimeric GPD::MAD5::Pex16 gene (nucleotides 3200-346 of SEQ ID NO:73). The “GPD” promoter within this chimeric gene refers to the 5′ upstream untranslated region in front of the ‘ATG’ translation initiation codon of a protein encoded by the Yarrowia lipolytica glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene and that is necessary for expression (PCT Publication No. WO 2005/003310). The “MAD5” coding region of the chimeric gene corresponds to the Mortierella alpina Δ5 desaturase gene (GenBank Accession No. AF067654), while “Pex16” refers to the Pex16 terminator of the Yarrowia Pex16 gene (GenBank Accession No. U75433).

Final Construction of Plasmid pZUFmE9SP8S:

The Ncol/NotI fragment of plasmid pPiD8S (SEQ ID NO:58; FIG. 11-A; comprising the synthetic delta-8 desaturase gene of the present invention (i.e., PiD8S), the Clal/Ncol fragment from pEXPGUS1-C (SEQ ID NO:72; FIG. 11-B; comprising the EXP1 promoter), and the NotI/PacI fragment from plasmid pZGD5T-CP (SEQ ID NO:73; FIG. 11-C; comprising the Pex16 terminator) were used directionally to replace the Clal/Pacl fragment of pZUFmEgD9ES (SEQ ID NO:70; FIG. 9-D) to generate pZUFmE9SP8S (SEQ ID NO:71; FIG. 11-D).

Example 20 Functional Expression of Plasmid pZUFmE9SP8S in Yarrowia lipolytica

The present Example describes expression of plasmid pZUFmE9SP8S, comprising the chimeric FBAINm::EgD9ES::Pex20 gene and the chimeric EXP::PiD8S::Pex16 gene. Expression of pZUFmE9SP8S in Yarrowia lipolytica led to the production of up to 2.8% EDA and 0.5% of DGLA.

Specifically, pZUFmE9SP8S (SEQ ID NO:71; FIG. 11-D) was transformed into Yarrowia llipolytica Y20362U (an autonomous Ura-mutant of ATCC Accession No. 20362, that was generated by selecting for FOA resistance) as described supra. The transformant cells were plated onto MM selection media plates and maintained at 30° C. for 2 to 3 days. Fifteen (15) transformants grown on the MM plates were picked and re-streaked onto fresh MM plates. Once grown, these strains were individually inoculated into 3 mL liquid MM at 30° C. and shaken at 250 rpm/min for 2 days. The cells were collected by centrifugation, lipids were extracted, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by trans-esterification, and subsequently analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC.

GC analyses showed that there were about 2.8% EDA (C20:2) and 0.3% of DGLA (C20:3) of total lipids produced in 13 of these 15 transformants, wherein the conversion efficiency of EDA to DGLA in these 13 strains was at an average rate of about 9.7%. Strain #7 produced 2.8% EDA and 0.5% of DGLA, with a conversion efficiency of about 15%. The term “conversion efficiency” refers to the efficiency by which a particular enzyme (e.g., the codon-optimized delta-8 desaturase identified herein as PiD8S) can convert substrate (i.e., EDA) to product (i.e., DGLA). The conversion efficiency was measured according to the following formula: ([product]/[substrate+product])*100, where ‘product’ includes the immediate product and all products in the pathway derived from it.

Example 21 Chlorsulfuron Selection (ALS) and Plant Regeneration

Chlorsulfuron (ALS) Selection:

Following bombardment, the tissue is divided between 2 flasks with fresh SB196 media and cultured as described in Example 11. Six to seven days post-bombardment, the SB196 is exchanged with fresh SB196 containing selection agent of 100 ng/mL chlorsulfuron. The selection media is refreshed weekly. Four to six weeks post selection, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated, green tissue is removed and inoculated into multiwell plates containing SB196 to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures.

Regeneration of Soybean Somatic Embryos into Plants:

In order to obtain whole plants from embryogenic suspension cultures, the tissue must be regenerated. Embyros are matured as described in Example 11. After subculturing on medium SB103 for 3 weeks, individual embryos can be removed from the clusters and screened for alterations in their fatty acid compositions as described in Example 12. It should be noted that any detectable phenotype, resulting from the expression of the genes of interest, could be screened at this stage. This would include, but not be limited to, alterations in fatty acid profile, protein profile and content, carbohydrate content, growth rate, viability, or the ability to develop normally into a soybean plant.

Matured individual embryos are desiccated by placing them into an empty, small petri dish (35×10 mm) for approximately 4 to 7 days. The plates are sealed with fiber tape (creating a small humidity chamber). Desiccated embryos are planted into SB71-4 medium where they are left to germinate under the same culture conditions described above. Germinated plantlets are removed from germination medium and rinsed thoroughly with water and then are planted in Redi-Earth in 24-cell pack tray, covered with clear plastic dome. After 2 weeks the dome is removed and plants hardened off for a further week. If plantlets looked hardy they are transplanted to 10″ pot of Redi-Earth with up to 3 plantlets per pot. After 10 to 16 weeks, mature seeds are harvested, chipped and analyzed for fatty acids as described in Example 12.

Media recipes can be found in Example 11 and chlorsulfuron stock is 1 mg/mL in 0.01 N ammonium hydroxide.

Example 22 Co-expression of the Euglena gracilis Delta-9 Elongase with the Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459) Delta-8 Desaturase, the Mortierella alpina Delta-5 Desaturase, the Saprolegnia diclina Delta-17 Desaturase and the Fusarium moniliforme Delta-15 Desaturase in Soybean Embryos Transformed with Soybean Expression Vectors pKR973 and pKR983

Soybean embryogenic suspension culture (cv. Jack) was transformed with the AscI fragments of pKR973 (SEQ ID NO:45, FIG. 5) and pKR983 (SEQ ID NO:56; FIG. 7) (fragments containing the expression cassettes), as described for production in Example 11. Transformants were selected using chlorsulfuron as described in Example 21 and embryos were matured as described in Example 11. A subset of soybean embryos generated from each event (ten embryos per event) were harvested and analyzed for fatty acid composition as described in Example 12. Fatty acids were identified by comparison of retention times to those for authentic standards.

In this way, 243 events transformed with pKR973 and pKR983 were analyzed. From the 243 events analyzed, 117 were identified that produced EPA in at least one embryo out of ten analyzed at a relative abundance greater than 1.0% of the total fatty acids. Of these, 15 were identified that produced EPA in at least one embryo out of ten analyzed at a relative abundance greater than 10.0% of the total fatty acids. The average fatty acid profile for the ten best EPA events (average of seven to ten individual embryos) is shown in FIG. 14. Fatty acids are identified as 16:0 (palmitate), 18:0 (stearic acid), 18:1 (oleic acid), LA, GLA, ALA, EDA, DGLA, ARA, ERA, JUN, ETA, EPA and DPA; and, fatty acid compositions listed in FIG. 14 are expressed as a weight percent (wt. %) of total fatty acids. For FIG. 14, fatty acids listed as “others” include: 18:2 (5,9), STA, 20:0, 20:1(11), 20:2 (7,11) or 20:2 (8,11) and 20:3 (5,11,14). Each of these fatty acids is present at a relative abundance of less than 1% of the total fatty acids. The activity of the Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459) delta-8 desaturase is expressed as percent delta-8 desaturation (% Desat), calculated according to the following formula: ([product]/[substrate+product])*100.

More specifically, the combined percent delta-8 desaturation for EDA and ERA is shown as “Total delta-8% Desat”, determined as: ([DGLA+ARA+ERA+ETA+EPA+DPA]/[EDA+DGLA+ARA+ERA+JUN+ETA+EPA+DPA])*100.

In summary of FIG. 14, the Pavlova lutheri (CCMP459) delta-8 desaturase functioned in soybean to convert both EDA and ERA to DGLA and ETA, respectively, and these were further converted to other LC-PUFAs. Line AFS 4802-3-14, the high EPA line with the highest average overall % delta-8 desaturation, had overall % delta-8 desaturation of 82.5%. 

1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8 desaturase activity, wherein the polypeptide has at least 80% amino acid identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8 desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at least 80% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15; or (c) a complement of the nucleotide sequence of (a) or (b), wherein the complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary.
 2. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 85% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:16.
 3. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 90% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:16.
 4. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:16.
 5. The polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:15.
 6. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide comprises (a) SEQ ID NO:16; or (b) an amino acid sequence that differs from the amino acid sequences in (a) by at least one conservative amino acid substitution.
 7. A recombinant DNA construct comprising the polynucleotide of claim 1, 5 or 6 operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.
 8. A plant cell comprising the recombinant DNA construct of claim
 7. 9. A method for transforming a plant cell, comprising transforming a plant cell with the recombinant construct of claim 7 and selecting those plant cells transformed with the recombinant construct of claim
 7. 10. A method for producing a transformed plant comprising transforming a plant cell with the polynucleotide of claim 1, 5 or 6 and regenerating a plant from the transformed plant cell.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the plant is a soybean plant.
 12. A seed comprising the recombinant construct of claim
 7. 13. A seed obtained from the plant made by the method of claim 10, wherein said seed comprises the polynucleotide.
 14. A method for making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a plant cell comprising: (a) transforming a cell with the recombinant construct of claim 7; and (b) selecting those transformed cells that make long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
 15. An oilseed plant comprising the recombinant construct of claim
 7. 16. The oilseed plant of claim 15, wherein the oilseed plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, Brassica species, sunflower, maize, cotton, flax and safflower.
 17. The oilseed plant of claim 15, wherein the oilseed plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, Brassica species, sunflower, maize, cotton, flax, and safflower and further wherein the oilseed plant produces a polyunsaturated fatty acid selected from the group consisting of arachidonic acid, eicosadienoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, dihomo-gammalinolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
 18. A seed obtained from the oilseed plant of claim 15, wherein said seed comprises the recombinant construct.
 19. Food or feed comprising the seed of claim
 18. 20. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having delta-8 desaturase activity, wherein the nucleotide sequence has at least 86% sequence identity, based on the BLASTN method of alignment, when compared to a nucleotide sequence as set for the in SEQ ID NO:15.
 21. Progeny of the plant of claim 15, wherein said progeny comprise the recombinant construct. 